Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS) (Belgium) http://www.eppedia.eu/ en Bartiaux Françoise http://www.eppedia.eu/authors/bartiaux-francoise <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--author-profile.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Bartiaux Françoise</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--author-profile.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--author-profile.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 10/26/2020 - 14:27</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-photo--author-profile.html.twig * field--node--field-photo.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--field-photo.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-photo field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2020-10/Francoise%20Bartiaux_Photo.png?itok=tbWJUMjx" width="220" height="211" alt="Bartiaux Photo" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-contact-email--author-profile.html.twig * field--node--field-contact-email.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--field-contact-email.html.twig * field--email.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-contact-email field--type-email field--label-hidden field--item">francoise.bartiaux@uclouvain.be</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--author-profile.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item">Université catholique de Louvain (Belgium)</div> <div class="field--item">Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS) (Belgium)</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-professional-background--author-profile.html.twig * field--node--field-professional-background.html.twig * field--node--author-profile.html.twig * field--field-professional-background.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-professional-background field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Professional background</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Françoise Bartiaux is sociologist and demographer (PhD). She is a Senior Research Associate at the Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) and at the Institute for the Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies of the Université catholique de Louvain, where she is Professor of environmental sociology. She does research on dynamics of consumption, namely social practices and policies related to energy consumption and energy poverty, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. One of her most recent articles is entitled “Sustainable energy transitions and social inequalities in energy access: A relational comparison of capabilities in three European countries”.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 26 Oct 2020 14:27:40 +0000 ute.dubois 197 at http://www.eppedia.eu Energy poverty in Belgium http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-belgium <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Energy poverty in Belgium</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/bartiaux-francoise" hreflang="en">Bartiaux Françoise</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 10/26/2020 - 14:21</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/102" hreflang="en">Université catholique de Louvain (Belgium)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/103" hreflang="en">Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS) (Belgium)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-11-14T12:00:00Z">2020.11.14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/51" hreflang="en">Buildings</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-01/Bartiaux_2020_Energy%20poverty%20in%20Belgium_EP-pedia_1.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=105163" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Bartiaux_2020_Energy poverty in Belgium_EP-pedia_1.pdf</a></span><span class="file-size">102.7 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>In Belgium, the topic of energy poverty is rather well known in the public thanks to communications from non-governmental associations dedicated to poverty alleviation in general or to energy poverty in particular.</p> <p>Energy poverty is rather high in the country, for several reasons. The building stock is old: in Flanders, 68.9% of the buildings were built before 1981, in Wallonia, 79.4% and in the Brussels Region, 93.5%. Stated otherwise, in 2011, 23% of Belgium's population lived in a dwelling built before 1919 (STATBEL 2018). This old building stock is poorly insulated. It has been estimated that 99% of the houses and 95% of the apartments do not comply with the 2050 energy norms (Recticel Insulation 2020). The Brussels Region has a much higher proportion of apartments (78%) than the other two regions (23% and 20% in Flanders and in Wallonia, respectively). In Flanders and Wallonia, most dwellings are owner-occupied (70% and 64.5% respectively for dwellings built before 2006), but the reverse is true in the Brussels Region (38% owner-occupied, STATBEL 2018), which may further hinder energy retrofits there.</p> <p>Belgium has no official definition of energy poverty. Therefore, there is a wide range of estimates of the proportions of households in energy poverty, varying according to the definition and proxy used. Based on EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC) data, between 2004 and 2016, 4% to 6% of households reported arrears on their utility bills in the prior twelve months. So-called “objective” measures indicate that in 2013, 14% of households in Belgium were deemed to be in energy poverty because they spent too high a proportion of their income on energy bills (overconsumption supposedly due to energy inefficient housing), and a further 4.6% because of their underconsumption of energy, with a 0.1% of households belonging to both of these two categories (Meyer et al., 2018: 280). Even small, this latter proportion questions these estimations.</p> <p>Based on the Belgian 2009 data from the Generation and Gender Programme (GGP) and with another definition of energy poverty, Bartiaux et al. (2018: 1226) estimate that 10.3% of Belgium's households were in energy poverty in 2009. They form a heterogeneous category: 58% live in urban areas, 42% own their dwelling, 30% are below the poverty threshold; half have at least 12 years of schooling with the corresponding diplomas; 43% live alone while 14% are lone-parent families. Sixty percent of the respondents of these energy-poor households are women.</p> <p>Policies against energy poverty are varied but the complex institutional structure of Belgium makes it difficult to define and implement a policy targeting households in energy poverty: social action (including the management of households’ debts) is a federal matter, usually implemented at the municipal level with some room for manoeuvre, whereas policies targeting housing and energy savings are regional matters. For example, subsidies for energy retrofitting a private dwelling vary from one region to another, while the conditions required to qualify for a social tariff for electricity and for gas are decided at the federal level, but regions may add (and pay for) other categories of beneficiaries. Unlike the Flemish and Walloon Regions, the Brussels Region has decided to have no prepayment meters. Energy-poor persons having a prepayment meter, either for electricity, or for gas, or both, curtail their energy consumption for heating, cooking, or showering, and live in anxiety of being disconnected; some feel stigma when reloading the prepayment meter in public space (Baudaux et al., 2019: 57-68).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Baudaux, A., Coene, J., Delbeke, B., Bartiaux, F., Sibeni, A., Fournier, F., Heymans, É., Oosterlynck, S., &amp; Lahaye, W. (2019). Living in energy poverty: a qualitative approach. In Bartiaux, F. (ed.) (2019). <em>Generation and Gender Energy Deprivation: Realities and Social Policies.</em> Brussels: Belgian Science Policy. <a href="http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brainbe/projects/FinalReports/2GENDERS_FinReport.pdf">http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brainbe/projects/FinalReports/2GENDERS_FinReport.pdf</a></p> <p>Bartiaux, F., Vandeschrick, C., Moezzi, M., &amp; Frogneux, N. (2018). Energy justice, unequal access to affordable warmth, and capability deprivation: A quantitative analysis for Belgium. <em>Applied energy, 225,</em> 1219-1233. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.113">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.113</a>.</p> <p>Meyer, S., Laurence, H., Bart, D., Middlemiss, L., &amp; Maréchal, K. (2018). Capturing the multifaceted nature of energy poverty: Lessons from Belgium. <em>Energy research &amp; social science, 40</em>, 273-283.doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.017</a></p> <p>Recticel Insulation. (2020). <em>Baromètre de l’isolation.</em> <a href="https://www.recticelinsulation.com/be-fr/communique-de-presse-barometre-de-lisolation-2020">https://www.recticelinsulation.com/be-fr/communique-de-presse-barometre-de-lisolation-2020</a>.</p> <p>STATBEL. (2015). <em>Fichiers téléchargeables concernant des données sur les logements et le marché du travail par secteur statistique. </em><a href="https://www.census2011.be/download/statsect_fr.html">https://www.census2011.be/download/statsect_fr.html</a>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Bartiaux, F. (2020). Energy poverty in Belgium.<em> EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 26 Oct 2020 14:21:25 +0000 ute.dubois 198 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-belgium#comments