2021 energy price crisis http://www.eppedia.eu/ en 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Türkiye http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-turkiye-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Türkiye</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gunay-simge" hreflang="en">Günay Simge</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/kayacan-bekir" hreflang="en">Kayacan Bekir</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Wed, 08/31/2022 - 08:33</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/139" hreflang="en">Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul University (Türkiye)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/158" hreflang="en">Department of Economics, Istanbul University (Türkiye)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-31T12:00:00Z">2022.08.31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/147" hreflang="en">2021 energy price crisis</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Affordability</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Electricity</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Gas</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2022-08/G%C3%BCnay-Kayacan_2021_Energy%20price%20crisis%20in%20T%C3%BCrkiye_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=290091" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Günay-Kayacan_2021_Energy price crisis in Türkiye</a></span><span class="file-size">283.29 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>How has the crisis affected energy costs for households? </strong></h2> <p>The EU saw sharp increases in electricity and gas prices in 2021 mostly due to the increased demand for energy and reduced gas supply (Liboreiro and de Filippis, 2021). As Altunkaya (2021) reported, consumers paid about 41 kuruş/kwh in 2017 as compared to almost 34 kuruş/kwh in 2012, corresponding to an almost 21% increase in electricity prices for households in this period[1]. It is worth noting that since 2018, there has been a remarkable increase in energy prices in the country. According to the official TURKSTAT statistics, electricity bills of residential consumers have increased by 122% since 2018 (Altunkaya, 2021).</p> <p>In the third quarter of 2021 a 15% hike was observed in electricity prices for all consumer groups in Türkiye. This means that households used electricity from about 91.56 kuruş per kwh and businesses from about 1 lira 22 kuruş per kwh in October. (Hurriyet, 2021). In fact, the Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA)[2] already had imposed a 6% increase on the National Electricity Tariff for the first quarter of 2021. Thus, the total increase in electricity prices in 2021 amounted to 21% (encazip.com, 2021).</p> <p>The increase in household electricity prices by consumption bands since 2019 can be seen in Figure 1 (TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a):</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2022-08/Figure%201.png?itok=ZuLSlMYs" width="1200" height="1104" alt="Figure 1" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1. Household Average Electricity Prices by Consumption Bands in Türkiye </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-source--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-source field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Source: TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Note: </strong>1st period (for electricity price regulation) refers to January 1-June 30, 2019. 2nd period (for electricity price regulation) refers to July 1-December 31, 2019<strong>.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>This figure clearly shows that household electricity prices continued to increase between 2019 and the first period of 2021. Average electricity prices for households amounted to 79.5 kuruş per kwh in the first period of 2021 (January-June 2021) and they were about 71 kuruş per kwh in the same period of 2020 (January-June 2020), which means that electricity prices for households increased by about 12% on average in the first period of 2021 compared to the same period last year (TURKSTAT, 2021a). The depreciation of the Turkish lira against the euro and the US dollars is considered as one of the significant factors in the increase in electricity and natural gas prices in recent years (Euronews, 2019).</p> <p>Meanwhile, the price of natural gas for residential subscribers (households) increased by 12%, while the tariff for industry and power plants for electricity generation increased by 20% in July 2021 (bloomberght.com, 2021a). The sales price applied by Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAŞ) to gas distribution companies for households was almost 149 kuruş for 1 cubic meter of natural gas in July, with an increase of 12% compared to the rate of June, while the price increase was 20% for industrial consumers, corresponding to about 178 kuruş for 1 cubic meter of natural gas. These amounts correspond to about 1488 liras for households for 1000 cubic meter of natural gas, 1783 liras for industrial consumers, and 2060 liras for power plants for electricity generation (bloomberght.com, 2021a). According to the tariff published by BOTAŞ, the natural gas price has increased for the seventh time in a row since January (haberturk.com, 2021a). The residential natural gas rate increased by 1% every month from January 1, 2021, until June 2021. Although there was a 15% increase in natural gas prices for industrial consumers and power plants starting from October 1, 2021, no similar increase has been observed for residential rates (egeajans.com). In its statement on November 1, 2021, BOTAŞ announced an about 48% increase in natural gas prices for the large industrial and commercial organizations for 1000 cubic meters of natural gas, and an almost 47% increase in natural gas prices for power plants used for electricity generation purposes for 1000 cubic meters of natural gas. Again, the rate applied for households was not changed (bloomberght.com, 2021b). Lastly, BOTAŞ announced that as of the 3rd of December the price of natural gas used in industry and power plants was increased by 20%. Like in November, the tariff applied for the household once again was kept unchanged (bbc.com, 2021). In this announcement, BOTAŞ stated that high energy prices experienced in world energy markets were not passed on to consumers at the same rate in Türkiye. They aimed to protect all consumer groups at the most from the devastating effects of the current energy crisis (QNB FinansInvest, 2021).</p> <p>The increase in household average natural gas prices by consumption bands since 2019 can be seen in Figure 2 (TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a):</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2022-08/Figure%202.png?itok=LMbIX90N" width="1200" height="709" alt="Figure 2" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2. Household Average Natural Gas Prices by Consumption Bands in Türkiye</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-source--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-source field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Source: TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>According to the Figure 2, average natural gas prices for households were 193 kuruş in the first period of 2021 (January-June 2021) and about 183 kuruş in the same period of the previous year (January-June 2020). This amounts to about 5.5% increase in household average natural gas prices on average in the first period of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What do we know about the current impacts in terms of energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>Although the natural gas prices have been kept constant for households both in October and in November 2021, Oğuz Türkyılmaz, the chairman of the Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Energy Working Group, said that he still expected a price increase for products and for electricity due to the increasing expenses of industrial enterprises and of power plants (Cakir, 2021). This expectation suggests that payment difficulties of households and even service cut offs could occur due to increasing electricity prices and arrears on households’ electricity bills. Considering that about 20% of households in Türkiye could not afford to heat their homes adequately in 2020, about 13% of them complain about the heavy burden of housing costs and almost 19% of them about the heavy burden of installments or loans in 2020 (TURKSTAT, 2021b), it is likely that the situation of low-income households will get worse in the winter 2021. In an interview with Gumuskaya (2021), Dr. Zeynep Elif Yildizel, who is the founder and Vice President of Association of Geological Research, asserted that the global energy crisis will have a negative impact on Türkiye, and more people will be energy-poor due to increasing energy prices. Furthermore, she suggested that energy vulnerable households will be exposed to food poverty soon, since the increase in energy prices will also increase food prices after a while. According to her, this means that people who are already energy-vulnerable will have to spend their income on food first, by cutting back on their electricity, water, and natural gas usage. However, when increases in energy prices also increase food prices, households will also have to cut their food expenditures (Gumuskaya, 2021).</p> <p>Azem Bartu Yildirim (2021), a researcher at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM in Turkish), wrote about the increasing natural gas prices and its possible effect on residential consumers in Türkiye. Yildirim highlighted that natural gas is the main energy source for heating in the country; the share of households in total natural gas consumption was about 32% in 2020, before other sectors such as conversion (28%) and industry (26%). Considering the uncertainties about weather conditions during the winter period – despite estimations of air temperatures around the seasonal normal – it is likely for vulnerable consumers (such as low income households, disabled people, or pensioners) to be negatively affected by natural gas price increases due to increasing demand in winter (Yildirim, 2021). Quoting from Ali Arif Aktürk, who is the former director of Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAŞ) and an energy expert in Türkiye, Ozdemir (2021) touches on possible electricity cut offs in case of difficulties in power plants working with natural gas. On the other hand, households are not expected to be negatively affected by natural gas cuts.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What are the impacts on supply conditions and suppliers?</strong></h2> <p>While some experts have forecasted that energy price increases would not affect Türkiye to the same extent as Europe, at the same time, they expect that Türkiye’s import bills on energy will increase because of higher energy prices (Zeren, 2021). In addition, Yildirim (2021) from the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM) argued that one of the vulnerabilities of Türkiye is its dependency on foreign sources of energy: in 2020, Türkiye met almost 99.7% of its natural gas demand through imports (Yildirim, 2021). On the other hand, Fatih Donmez, the incumbent Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, stated that investments made in electricity and natural gas infrastructure in recent years should help Türkiye not to confront any energy shortage during the winter months. This statement was grounded on Türkiye’s agreements of natural gas supply with Azerbaijan, Russia and Iran, and on the enlargement of national underground storage capacity of natural gas (hurriyetdailynews.com). As Bagış (2021) reported, Türkiye also takes steps towards the diversification of its energy sources, such as LNG imports from Algeria and Qatar (Bagıs, 2021). Moreover, he emphasized that the Turkish government continues negotiations for obtaining further supplies of natural gas since Türkiye’s contracts expire at the end of 2021 (Daily Sabah with AA, 2021).</p> <p>In 2021, energy distributors faced cost increases caused by higher raw material prices, drought and an increase in exchange rates. Energy industry representatives said that increasing demand along with higher prices and cost pressures put electricity distribution and generation companies in a difficult position. Noting that the industrial sector buys electricity very cheaply, the representatives underlined that a 45% increase should be made for the industrial sector in the coming period. Burak Kuyan, who is the chairman of Energy Traders Association, stated that the hikes that have not been made and the measures that have not been taken in a timely manner are more likely to cause more problems in the future. He also noted that, although the hikes that were not made did not cause much trouble for electricity production companies, they caused serious problems especially for electricity retail companies. According to Kuyan, potential problems include the inability of generation plants with shrinking profit margins to pay their debts and the burden on the banking sector (bloomberght.com, 2021c).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Which policy responses have been implemented or debated?</strong></h2> <p>Different types of policy responses exist in Türkiye to deal with the problem of energy poverty. These concern the cut of various contributions that were previously paid by consumers, such as a fee called TRT share is included in the electricity bills in Türkiye to meet the expenses of the Turkish Radio and Television (TRT) Corporation. Another fee is the electricity energy fund fee[3] charged to consumers to cover the infrastructure needs in a context where both the population and the electricity consumption increase (haberturk.com, 2021b). President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, in a press statement he made after the cabinet meeting earlier in November 2021, announced that the TRT share in electricity bills would be removed and that energy fund cuts would be implemented to alleviate the burden of increasing energy prices on consumers (bloomberght.com, 2021d; Erdem, 2021). Some experts, on the other hand, argued that removing the TRT share and energy fund cuts from electricity bills would not make much of a difference for residential consumers, claiming that even if the cuts come into effect, their impact on the monthly household electricity bills would not exceed 1.5 to 2 liras (Erdem, 2021).</p> <p>Mehmet Ozdag, who is the member of the Board of the Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO in Turkish) argued that the Value-Added Tax (VAT) taken at the rate of 18% from electricity bills could also be abolished to alleviate the energy burden on residential consumers. Alternatively, he proposed that VAT rates could be determined according to the amount of households’ electricity consumption and the surface of dwellings they reside in. Concerning the municipal consumption tax[4] that is still charged on electricity bills, he suggested that removing this tax which represents 5% of the electricity bills could ease the burden on residential consumers (Erdem, 2021).</p> <p>Besides this debate, Fatih Donmez, the incumbent Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, announced the introduction of a gradual pricing schedule in electricity and natural gas bills. Donmez said that the timetable was not yet clarified since they were waiting for the law to come out. Upon switching to gradually priced bills the consumers who use electricity sparingly will pay lower bills relative to heavily consuming subscribers (haberglobal.com.tr, 2021). At this point, it would be important to accurately target fuel poor households who are also income-poor since low-income and precarious households already use electricity and/or natural gas sparingly. Providing adequate and affordable energy for all is key.</p> <p>At the local level, the Municipality of Uskudar, a district in Istanbul, announced that during the winter 2021-22, they would provide 400 TL/month of natural gas support for the in-district residential use of students’ apartments where at least three-roommates reside with subscription of Istanbul Gas Distribution Industry and Trade Joint Stock Company (IGDAS) (memurlar.net, 2021).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>To what extent have the energy poverty impacts of the crisis affected the national debate on energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>The global energy crisis and its possible effects on Türkiye received wide media coverage in the country. This situation inevitably brought the issue of energy affordability on the policy agenda. To avoid energy poverty, policymakers strongly recommend that households implement energy conservation measures. Fatih Donmez, the current Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, recently pointed out the importance of changing habits and attitudes towards energy use so as to save energy (Daily Sabah with AA, 2021). The gradual pricing for energy, for both residential and industrial consumers, also aims to bring about a change in habits, by encouraging the efficient use of electrical energy and ensuring that those who consume more in similar consumer groups bear the cost of their overconsumption (haberglobal.com.tr, 2021).</p> <p>In addition, considering that Türkiye depends on fossil fuels to a large extent and that its energy demand is expected to increase in the future, Cevheribucak (2021) emphasizes the importance of an energy transition for the country. She suggests that Türkiye needs to take steps to ensure its energy security by transitioning away from fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas for environmental sustainability, human security, and energy justice. Most importantly, she points to the disparity between policy and implementation to achieve “just” energy transition along with sustainable mobility in Türkiye.</p> <p>On the other hand, in an interview with Gumuskaya (2021), Dr. Zeynep Elif Yıldızel[5] approached the issue from a different standpoint, referring to the neoliberal policies such as the privatizations in the energy sector since 1980, production costs deprived of government support, and increased costs upon the 2008 crisis as the main reasons of energy poverty in the world. She suggests that the increase in prices due to privatizations and to the inability to control primary energy sources such as crude oil and/or natural gas resulted in increase in energy prices both in Türkiye and in other countries. By saying this, she highlights that since both Europe and Türkiye are heavily dependent on Russia for their natural gas demand, they cannot control for the price of natural gas and therefore, face high energy prices. According to her, this is what happened in Türkiye and Europe in September and October 2021. As a result of this, she added, more people are expected to become energy poor in both Türkiye and Europe (Gumuskaya, 2021).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2> <p>Rising energy prices prevail across the world. Not surprisingly, it is expected that Türkiye will also be affected to a certain extent by the increasing energy prices. Energy prices in Türkiye have already been on an upward trend for the last couple of years. Authorities have taken and continue to take some measures to mitigate the impact of increasing energy prices on the budgets of households and firms. Energy efficiency, coupled with a transition to renewable energy, is undoubtedly critical at this point, notwithstanding it is a longer-term endeavour. Therefore, low-income individuals/households will probably need continued protection from the rising energy prices in Türkiye in the future.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Notes</strong></h2> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">In accordance with the circular published in the Official Gazette on “The Use of Expression of ‘Türkiye’ as a trademark (Independent Türkçe, 2021), the expression ‘Türkiye’ is used.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">[1] 1 Turkish lira equal to 100 kuruş.</p> <p>[2] For the press release of Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (2021), please see <em>Elektrik Faturalarına Esas Tarife Tabloları: 1/7/2021 tarihinden itibaren geçerli olacak elektrik tarifeleri tabloları hk</em>. Link: <a href="https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-1327/elektrik-faturalarina-esas-tarife-tablolari">https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-1327/elektrik-faturalarina-esas-tarife-tablolari#</a>.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">[3] The Energy fund fee is a contribution for meeting the sector infrastructure expenses. İt is  determined by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Euronews, 2021).</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">[4] Municipal consumption tax is a compulsory tax that is calculated proportionally over the “active energy cost” included in the electricity bills of consumers. It is also known as “electricity consumption tax”. These taxes are transferred directly to the municipalities’ budgets, thus supporting local municipalities. Municipal consumption tax (MCT) rates differ for residential and industrial subscribers (5% of the consumption amount for residential and commercial subscribers and 1% of the consumption amount for industrial subscribers) (elektriksepeti.com, 2016).</p> <p>[5] Dr. Yıldızel is an energy expert who is the founder and Vice President of the Association of Geological Researches. She worked at Turkish Petroleum Corporation between 1996-2009. She is the writer of “Energy Resources: Global Perspective, Concepts and Economics (zeynepelifyildizel.com, 2022). She is frequently featured in the media with her speeches and articles on energy. Her main research interests are carbonates, energy resources, economic geology, petroleum geology, hydrocarbon exploration, oil and gas, subsurface geology and well logs (METU Geological Engineering Department, 2022).</p> <p> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Altunkaya, T. 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[Accessed 15 August 2022].</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Günay, S. and Kayacan, B. (2021) 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Türkiye, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 31 Aug 2022 08:33:00 +0000 ute.dubois 257 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-turkiye-0#comments 2021 energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Cyprus http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-cyprus <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>2021 energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Cyprus</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/kyprianou-ioanna" hreflang="en">Kyprianou Ioanna</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/serghides-despina" hreflang="en">Serghides Despina</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Tue, 04/12/2022 - 13:32</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/157" hreflang="en">Energy, Environment, Water Research Centre (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute (Cyprus)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-30T12:00:00Z">2021.12.30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/147" hreflang="en">2021 energy price crisis</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/146" hreflang="en">Prices</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/87" hreflang="en">Covid-19</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2022-04/2021%20Energy%20Price%20Crisis%20impacts%20on%20Energy%20Poverty%20in%20Cyprus.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=241361" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Kyprianou-Serghides_2021_Energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Cyprus</a></span><span class="file-size">235.7 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>How has the crisis affected energy costs for households? </strong></h2> <p>The COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus triggered responses similar to those of other European countries, including working from home directives, distance learning, restricted movement and prolonged periods of time spent indoors, as well as lockdowns. Subsequently, the time spent at home increased substantially for the majority of households in Cyprus, with manifold impacts on physical and mental health (Kolokotroni et al. 2021). Moreover, the amount of final electricity used in Cyprus decreased overall, reaching an all-time low in April 2020, for the period 2015-2021 (up to August), similarly to OECD European countries, as observed in Figure 1 (IEA 2021). For Cyprus, this decrease possibly reflects the halt in activities that resulted from the first lockdown implemented between 15th March and 21st May 2020. By the summer of 2020, electricity consumption returned to normal levels and in August 2021, the maximum amount of electricity consumption was recorded for the period January 2015 – August 2021.</p> <p>Households in Cyprus rely mostly on electricity for energy services, since there is no natural gas grid, and the energy market is essentially a monopoly, with the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC) being the sole energy supplier. Power plants employ heavy fuel oil combustion to generate electricity (EAC 2019), therefore prices are highly influenced by the price fluctuations of this fossil fuel, especially due to Cyprus being an isolated energy island. Electricity prices between 2015 and the first half of 2021 for Cyprus and for the EU 27 (from 2020 onwards) are also presented in Figure 1, indicating that just before the pandemic, Cyprus had a higher electricity cost than the EU average. On the first half of 2020, prices were identical, but in the second half, the cost for household electricity in Cyprus decreased significantly, relative to the EU average. In fact, Cyprus was amongst the countries with the largest drops in electricity prices (Eurostat 2021a). This was a consequence of globally decreased prices for oil, as well as a 10% discount applied by the EAC on all electricity bills for a period of six months.</p> <p> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2022-04/Figure%201.png?itok=VtIXFkp3" width="1200" height="403" alt="Figure 1" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1. Final electricity consumption in OECD Europe and Cyprus (left) and Electricity price for household consumers in Cyprus and EU 27 (right)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-source--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-source field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Source: IEA 2021; Eurostat 2021b</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p> </p> <h2><strong>What do we know on the current impacts in terms of energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>The impacts of the public health and energy crises on energy poverty have not been assessed; all household consumers of electricity were granted a period of discounted energy during 2020. Consumers still have to pay their bills, however, the EAC examines how to best support low-income households and the ones with financial hardships on a case by case basis (Financial Mirror 2020). Although the decrease in electricity cost during 2020 was remarkable, prices are hiking in the second half of 2021. The cost of energy in November 2021 was at its highest since 2012, with a 90% increase from the previous November (Financial Mirror 2021). This is partly due to the once again increasing fossil fuel prices globally, but also due to higher costs of purchasing greenhouse gas emission rights by the State. Cyprus is one of the EU member states which has failed to reach renewable energy targets, and the population now has to bear the penalties on their energy bills. Moreover, with the new Green Deal, Cyprus’ targets for 2030, outlined in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan in 2020, are already outdated (European Commission 2020; Mesimeris et al. 2020).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What are the impacts on supply conditions and suppliers?</strong></h2> <p>The Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC), the sole electricity supplier, has implemented discounts on the price of energy at times and has decreased the Public Service Obligations (PSO) fee, which is used to fund the lower energy tariff applicable to vulnerable consumers (Marlies Hesselman et al. 2020). Due to the limited nature of the energy market, no large-scale changes have occurred in relation to contracts and supply conditions of electricity consumers. A Recovery and Resilience plan for 2021-2026 has been developed by the government, which includes strategic components for a green transition, the opening up of the electricity market and the introduction of competition, with consumers being able to choose between suppliers and contract types.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Which policy responses have been implemented or debated?</strong></h2> <p>The discounted electricity bills of 2020 were applied by the EAC, which is an independent, profitable organisation, as a response to the COVID-19 crisis. Energy prices are now increasing at an alarming rate due to high costs related to GHG emission rights. The combined effects of the pandemic and this augmented energy cost have not been assessed, but as of November 2021, the government of Cyprus has reduced the VAT on electricity bills from 19% to 9%. This reduction is applied for a period of three months, in line with the European Commission’s suggestions to tackle escalating energy bills and energy poverty. Vulnerable consumers are entitled further reduction, to 5%, for a period of six months (Charalambous 2021b). Although this is a temporary measure, opposing parties are calling for an indefinite reduction to a lower VAT rate (9%) for all households, something which has been vetoed by the President of the Republic (Charalambous 2021a). Moreover, vulnerable consumer groups, as stipulated by relevant legislation, are entitled to grants for replacement of old and energy inefficient home appliances under a new scheme, accepting applications until the end of 2022 (RES and Energy Conservation Fund 2021; MECIT 2015).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>To what extent have the energy poverty impacts of the crisis affected the national debate on energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>The topic of energy poverty has been unusually highlighted in national strategic planning and in the responses of the government and the electricity supplier to the public health crisis. For instance, the Cyprus Recovery and Resilience plan emphasises the need to reduce water and energy bills and to improve the affordability of housing and living conditions, while improving the energy efficiency of the building stock (Republic of Cyprus 2021). Although the pandemic undoubtedly has a role in this integration of energy poverty in national policy plans, the EU has also emphasised the importance of detection and mitigation of energy poverty during the past two years. Therefore, the government’s consideration of energy poverty may be a result of both COVID-19 and the EU’s new Green Deal, especially since there has been no re-assessment of the current methodology for energy poverty detection in Cyprus, which has been criticised (Kyprianou and Serghides 2020).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2> <p>The public health crisis Cyprus has been facing since early 2020 has stirred manifold reactions from private and public entities. While Cyprus endures chronically high energy prices as a result of energy isolation, fossil fuel dependence and penalties from GHG emissions during critical periods, the entire population of this island was offered discounted energy as a temporary managing tool. While the reduced VAT measures are indeed intended as a temporary solution to the escalating energy prices, the Republic of Cyprus has currently no plans how to reach the required GHG emissions targets. Moreover, energy consumers in Cyprus have been locked in a monopoly with a sole electricity supplier (EAC) for decades; the enactment of the liberalisation of the energy market has been expected for years, and still is not within sight. On the one hand, for the time being, and for the foreseeable future, it seems like the population in Cyprus may be facing continual significant increases in energy bills, with no immediate relief. On the other hand, in times of need, energy consumers have been supported; either by the government, or by private entities. Due to this essential level of intermittent protection up to the second half of 2021, the energy crisis in Cyprus has been successfully moderated, but what follows is unpredictable.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Charalambous, Annie. 2021a. “Parties in New Dilemma Now That President Vetoed VAT on Electricity Bill .” In-Cyprus. 2021. <a href="https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/parties-in-dilemma-now-that-president-vetoed-vat-on-electricity-bill/">https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/parties-in-dilemma-now-that-president-v…</a></p> <p>———. 2021b. “Payment of Reduced Electricity Bills as of January 2022.” 2021. <a href="https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/payment-of-reduced-electricity-bills-as-of-january-2022/">https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/payment-of-reduced-electricity-bills-as…</a>.</p> <p>EAC. 2019. “Generation.” 2019. <a href="https://www.eac.com.cy/EN/EAC/Operations/Pages/Generation.aspx">https://www.eac.com.cy/EN/EAC/Operations/Pages/Generation.aspx</a>.</p> <p>European Commission. 2020. “Delivering the European Green Deal.” 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en">https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-…</a>.</p> <p>Eurostat. 2021a. “Electricity Price Statistics .” Statistics Explained. 2021. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics#Electricity_prices_for_household_consumers">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Elec…</a>.</p> <p>———. 2021b. “Energy Statistics.” 2021. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/database">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/database</a>.</p> <p>Financial Mirror. 2020. “COVID19: EAC Moves Services Online.” 2020. <a href="https://www.financialmirror.com/2020/03/24/covid19-eac-moves-services-online/">https://www.financialmirror.com/2020/03/24/covid19-eac-moves-services-o…</a>.</p> <p>———. 2021. “Despite Discount, Electricity Prices at Decade-High.” 2021. <a href="https://www.financialmirror.com/2021/11/09/despite-discount-electricity-prices-at-decade-high/">https://www.financialmirror.com/2021/11/09/despite-discount-electricity…</a>.</p> <p>IEA. 2021. “Monthly Electricity Statistics - Data Product .” 2021. <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/monthly-electricity-statistics">https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/monthly-electricit…</a>.</p> <p>Kolokotroni, Ourania, Maria C Mosquera, Annalisa Quattrocchi, Alexandros Heraclides, Christiana Demetriou, and Elena Philippou. 2021. “Lifestyle Habits of Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Cyprus: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study.” <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10863-0">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10863-0</a>.</p> <p>Kyprianou, Ioanna, and Despina Serghides. 2020. “Dealing with Energy Poverty in Cyprus – an Overview.” <em>International Journal of Sustainable Energy</em> 39 (4): 308–20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2019.1699560">https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2019.1699560</a>.</p> <p>Marlies Hesselman, Anaïs Varo, Rachel Guyet, and Harriet Thomson. 2020. “Global Map of COVID-19 Household Energy Services Relief Measures.” 2020. <a href="http://www.engager-energy.net/covid19/">http://www.engager-energy.net/covid19/</a>.</p> <p>MECIT. 2015. “Ministerial Order for Vulnerable Electricity Consumers 289/2015 (in Greek).” <a href="https://www.cera.org.cy/Templates/00001/data/nomothesia/ethniki/hlektrismos/Diatagmata/kdp2015_289.pdf">https://www.cera.org.cy/Templates/00001/data/nomothesia/ethniki/hlektri…</a>.</p> <p>Mesimeris, Theodolulos, Nicoletta Kythreotou, Melina Menelaou, Charalambos Rousos, Christina Karapitta-Zachariadou, George Partasides, Theodora Antoniou, et al. 2020. “Cyprus’ Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan.” <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/cy_final_necp_main_en.pdf">https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/cy_final_necp_ma…</a>.</p> <p>Republic of Cyprus. 2021. “Cyprus Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021-2026.” 2021. <a href="http://www.cyprus-tomorrow.gov.cy/cypresidency/kyprostoavrio.nsf/all/B37B4D3AC1DB73B6C22586DA00421E05/$file/Cyprus">http://www.cyprus-tomorrow.gov.cy/cypresidency/kyprostoavrio.nsf/all/B3…</a> RRP For Upload 20052021.pdf?openelement.</p> <p>RES and Energy Conservation Fund. 2021. “Grant Scheme for the Replacement of Energy-Intesive Electrical Appliances in Homes of Vulnerable Consumers of Electricity.” 2021. <a href="https://resecfund.org.cy/en/ilektrikes_syskeyes_2021">https://resecfund.org.cy/en/ilektrikes_syskeyes_2021</a>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Kyprianou, I. and Serghides, D. (2021) 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Cyprus, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 12 Apr 2022 13:32:39 +0000 ute.dubois 254 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-cyprus#comments 2021 energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Spain http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-spain <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>2021 energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Spain</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/barrella-roberto" hreflang="en">Barrella Roberto</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 12/13/2021 - 15:48</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/108" hreflang="en">Chair of Energy and Poverty - ICAI School of Engineering, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid (Spain)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-13T12:00:00Z">2021.12.13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-04-12T12:00:00Z">2022.04.12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/147" hreflang="en">2021 energy price crisis</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Electricity</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Gas</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Affordability</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2022-04/Barrella_2021%20Energy%20Price%20Crisis%20in%20Spain_Barrella_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=242431" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Barrella_2021 Energy Price Crisis in Spain</a></span><span class="file-size">236.75 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The most updated official diagnosis to date on the incidence of energy poverty in Spain is the one carried out by the National Strategy against Energy Poverty [1], [2]. The four primary indicators proposed by the EU Energy Poverty Observatory (EPOV) [3] were calculated between 2014 and 2019 using the data of the Spanish Living Conditions Survey and Household Budget Survey. Table 1 shows their values expressed as share of households in energy poverty in Spain with respect to the total number of households in the year of study.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-12/Table%201.png?itok=LJ0FeROW" width="1200" height="485" alt="" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Table 1. Incidence of energy poverty in Spain, according to the EPOV primary indicators (percentage of households) [1], [2]</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Regarding energy prices, which are one of the key issues affecting energy poverty, the Spanish natural gas and electricity tariffs can be divided in “regulated market” and “free market” tariffs, being the former regulated by the Government and the National Commission of Markets and Competition (CNMC). Particularly, the electricity regulated tariff (PVPC is the Spanish acronym for the electricity regulated price) depends directly on the wholesale electricity market, which sets the prices throughout the day. On the other hand, in the natural gas regulated tariff (TUR in Spanish), the Government and the CNMC publish quarterly the maximum and minimum price that gas retailers can charge in the bill. According to the CNMC [4], in the last trimester of 2019, 37.2% of electricity consumers where on the regulated market against only 19.9% of natural gas consumers who contracted a TUR. In 2020, these percentages did not change drastically (in the third trimester were, respectively, 36.9% and 19.8%). In this regard, the average electricity bill of a Spanish household strongly depends on the type of tariff contracted. Indeed, according to the CNMC [5], in the last semester of 2019, the average monthly electricity expenditure in the regulated and free markets were, respectively, €48.9 and €63. A similar difference was reported in the last semester of 2020 (i.e. regulated market: €46.4; free market: €61.7). Among the other energy carriers used in Spanish households, the maximum price of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG, butane or propane) is also regulated (bimonthly) by the government.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>How has the crisis affected energy costs for households? </strong></h2></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-12/Table%202.png?itok=8OE5tlMq" width="1200" height="531" alt="" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Table 2. 2021-2019 ‘regulated’ energy prices’ difference during winter [6], [7]</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The 2021 energy crisis has affected Spanish households’ energy expenditure (particularly the electricity and natural gas bills) in different ways depending on if the consumer is on the regulated or free market and the kind of tariff contracted. Regarding the electricity supply, the Government has ensured that the household will pay, on average, the same amount of money in 2021 as in 2018<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>, considering that only the bills of household on the PVPC have been directly affected by the price increase in the wholesale electricity market (see Introduction). However, consumer organizations as FACUA claim that, in order for the government to keep its word, the December PVPC bill would have to be ‘negative’, i.e. the average user of the regulated tariff should receive around 15 euros in December's bill<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a>.</p> <p>When focusing on the 2021 winter months<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> (which are generally the most critical ones for vulnerable households) and on the ‘regulated’ prices<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a> (in Spain, consumers must be on the electricity regulated market as primary condition to benefit from social tariffs), the energy prices change with respect to the pre-COVID year, i.e. 2019, have been the ones shown Table 2. These values take into account the Government’s price-mitigation measures described hereafter.</p> <p>It can be noticed that the higher price increase was the one related to the electricity time-change tariff, which was much cheaper in 2019. On the other hand, the regulated natural-gas price cap set by the Government in October 2021 has resulted in a decrease of the regulated natural gas tariff in 2021 compared to 2019.</p> <p>Regarding the “free-market”, the analysis of the overall trend is trivial because every supplier can offer several tariffs. However, it should be highlighted that specific suppliers have proposed new tariffs that apparently guarantee a fixed electricity price for up to two years.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Which policy responses have been implemented or debated?</strong></h2> <p>The energy prices shown in Table 2 take into account the following government measures<a href="#_ftn6">[6]</a> introduced to mitigate the price hikes [8], [9], [10]:</p> <ul> <li>Electricity: <ul> <li>Reduction of VAT from 21% to 10%<a href="#_ftn7">[7]</a> (Royal Decree-Law 12/2021 of 24 June 2021, effective from the end of June).</li> <li>Reduction of electricity tax from 5.11% to 0.5% (Royal Decree-Law 17/2021 of 14 September 2021, effective from mid-September).</li> <li>Reduction of demand charges (96% reduction, Royal Decree-Law 17/2021 of 14 September 2021, effective from mid-September)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Natural gas: <ul> <li>Cap on the regulated price of natural gas (TUR) for winter 2021/2022 (Royal Decree-Law 17/2021 of 14 September 2021, Resolution of 26 September 2021, effective from the end of September)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Moreover, the Royal Decree Law 23/2021 [9] increased the assistance programs’ coverage (described in [6]), both for the electricity social tariff and the Thermal Social Allowance (TSA, introduced in 2018 to support heating, domestic hot water and cooking costs in Spanish vulnerable households). Specifically, the discount on the electricity bill granted by the social tariff to vulnerable consumers was increased from the current 25% to 60% and from 40% to 70% for the severely vulnerable - until 31 March 2022. On the other hand, the budget for the TSA was doubled in 2021 (the starting budget earmarked for 2021 was €100m), reaching 202.5 million euros. Considering the number of TSA beneficiaries in 2021 (1.22 million households), the average allowance has been €166 per household.</p> <p>Additionally, the Royal Decree Law 17/2021 [8]  enhanced the  moratorium of four months (after the first demand for payment) to disconnect the electricity supply of vulnerable consumers by adding six months with a "minimum vital supply" proxy, which consists of a electricity supply with a maximum power of 3.5 kW.</p> <p>Finally, the bill that cut 'windfall profits' to electricity companies (CO2 allowances in the remuneration of power plants that do not bear these costs, mainly hydroelectric and nuclear plants) has been approved in the chamber of deputies.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What do we know on the current impacts in terms of energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>A recently published study [6] proposes a methodology to estimate the Spanish winter energy poverty  (WEP) share  based on the EPOV 2M approach (see Table 1) using the required thermal energy expenditure of vulnerable households. Moreover, that work assesses the impact of the Thermal Social Allowance (TSA). The latter calculation was performed for 2019, but the same authors have replicated the calculation for 2021 [7] including the new structure of the electricity bill, the average energy prices for 2021 and the short-term measures implemented (described above). In 2021, despite the price-mitigation measures implemented by the government, the average-household’s required thermal energy expenditure increased by 10% compared with its value in 2019 (2019: €1057; 2021: €1159). Moreover, the WEP share in the vulnerable consumers sample is expected to increase with respect to the same year (1.2% increase in vulnerable consumers affected by energy poverty during winter, thus reaching 97%). The good news is that the increase in the TSA budget enhanced the mitigation impact on WEP in 2021 with respect to 2019 (-2% compared to -1%).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What are the impacts on supply conditions and suppliers?</strong></h2> <p>2021 has been a critical year both for the change in the Spanish electricity tariff structure implemented in June<a href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> [11] and the energy price crisis that is still ongoing. These facts have been causing changes in contracts and supply conditions that have particularly affected the most vulnerable groups of the population, which often lack of knowledge on their energy bills. In order to increase the awareness on these issues, the Government decreed that ‘consumers must be given adequate notice in a transparent and comprehensible manner of any intention to modify the terms of the contract and informed of their right to withdraw from the contract free of charge when they receive notice’. Moreover, they should ‘be notified directly by their supplier of any price revision resulting from the planned conditions, at least one month in advance of its implementation in a transparent and comprehensible manner’ [9].</p> <p>On the other hand, the escalation in prices has triggered arrears among small suppliers, which may be forced to send their consumers to other companies that are more resistant to market shocks. For example, at the beginning of October, the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge announced the start of procedures for disqualification and transfer of customers of two small electricity suppliers<a href="#_ftn9">[9]</a>.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>To what extent have the energy poverty impacts of the crisis affected the national debate on energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>This energy price crisis has had a controversial impact on the national debate on energy poverty. On the one hand, it has increased the awareness on this social issue both in the political debate and on the public opinion. On the other hand, there is a risk of focusing and identifying energy poverty as a problem resulting (only) from high energy prices. Both aspects are connected with the redundancy of news on the energy price rise, which harks back the global debate on the definition of energy as a universal right, which was deeply analysed in a recent published ENGAGER toolkit<a href="#_ftn10">[10]</a> .</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2> <p>In 2021, despite the measures implemented by the government, energy poverty is expected to increase. The good news is that the increase in the budget for social allowances and the implementation of price reduction measures will at least alleviate the effects of this energy price increase. However, these palliative measures alone cannot be the solution to energy poverty in the medium and long term, not least because of their high annual cost. They should then be complemented by structural measures (e.g. improving the energy efficiency of housing and introducing a –real- minimum vital supply for vulnerable consumers) to avoid "chronification" of the problem, thus helping vulnerable households to escape from energy poverty.</p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> It is the year when the current prime minister come into government (news about the prime minister’s promise: <a href="https://elpais.com/especiales/2021/entrevista-pedro-sanchez/">https://elpais.com/especiales/2021/entrevista-pedro-sanchez/</a>)</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2021-11-29/la-factura-de-diciembre-tendria-que-ser-negativa-para-que-sanchez-cumpla-su-palabra_3332816/">https://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2021-11-29/la-factura-de-diciembre-tendria-que-ser-negativa-para-que-sanchez-cumpla-su-palabra_3332816/</a></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3">[3]</a> According to the Spanish building regulation, the winter months (heating season) are from January to May and from October to December. However, the presented data assume that the average price in November and December will be the same as in October.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4">[4]</a> Regulated prices for electricity, natural gas and LPG. The prices used for gasoil and biomass are based on average price statistics "at delivery point".</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Before June 2021, there were two main regulated market tariffs, i.e. 2.0A (no time metering or ‘flat tariff’) and 2.0DHA (time-of-use or ‘hourly discrimination’ tariff). The electricity tariff considered for the months after June 2021 is a new time-change tariff (2.0 D) valid for all consumer on the regulated market.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6">[6]</a> It includes only price mitigation measures that directly impact the energy bill.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7">[7]</a> VAT is reduced from 21% to 10% for consumers with contracted power up to 10 kW if the average market price exceeds 45 euros per MWh. The government reinforces the degree of protection for severely vulnerable consumers, applying 10% VAT regardless of the market price and the contracted power.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8">[8]</a> In the new structure, the amount of two of the invoices of the electricity bill, i.e. regulated system access fees and the demand charges, depends on in which of the regulated three day-bands the electricity is being consumed:  peak hours (from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.), flat or standard hours (from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. and in the evening from 10 p.m. to midnight) and off-peak hours (from midnight to 8 a.m. on weekdays and the twenty-four hours of weekends and public holidays).</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9">[9]</a> <a href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2021/10/05/pdfs/BOE-B-2021-41024.pdf">https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2021/10/05/pdfs/BOE-B-2021-41024.pdf</a></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10">[10]</a> <a href="http://www.engager-energy.net/policy-briefs/">http://www.engager-energy.net/policy-briefs/</a></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"> </p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>[1]    Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica, Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética 2019-2024, 2019. <a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/estrategianacionalcontralapobrezaenergetica2019-2024_tcm30-496282.pdf">https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/estrategianacionalcontralapobrezaen…</a>.</p> <p>[2]    Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, Actualización de indicadores de la Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética. Noviembre de 2020, 2020. <a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/20201106_actualizaciondeindicadores2020_final__tcm30-516466.pdf">https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/20201106_actualizaciondeindicadores…</a> (accessed November 12, 2020).</p> <p>[3]    Indicators, (n.d.). <a href="https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/energy-poverty-observatory/indicators_en">https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/energy-poverty-observatory/indicato…</a> (accessed December 9, 2021).</p> <p>[4]    Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC), Informe De Supervisión De Los Cambios De Comercializador –Cuarto Trimestre 2019, 2019. <a href="http://www.cnmc.es">www.cnmc.es</a>.</p> <p>[5]    C.N. de los M. y la C. (CNMC), CNMCData, (2021). <a href="http://data.cnmc.es/datagraph/">http://data.cnmc.es/datagraph/</a> (accessed December 7, 2021).</p> <p>[6]    R. Barrella, J.I. Linares, J.C. Romero, E. Arenas, E. Centeno, Does cash money solve energy poverty? Assessing the impact of household heating allowances in Spain, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 80 (2021) 1–18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102216">https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102216</a>.</p> <p>[7]    R. Barrella, ¿Hasta dónde está llegando el bono térmico para paliar la Pobreza Energética?, VII Semin. Interdiscip. La Cátedra Energía y Pobr. (2021).</p> <p>[8]    Jefatura Del Estado, Real Decreto-ley 17/2021, de 14 de septiembre, de medidas urgentes para mitigar el impacto de la escalada de precios del gas natural en los mercados minoristas de gas y electricidad., 2021.</p> <p>[9]    Jefatura Del Estado, Real Decreto-ley 23/2021, de 26 de octubre, de medidas urgentes en materia de energía para la protección de los consumidores y la introducción de transparencia en los mercados mayorista y minorista de electricidad y gas natural, 2021.</p> <p>[10]  Jefatura del Estado, Real Decreto-ley 12/2021, de 24 de junio, por el que se adoptan medidas urgentes en el ámbito de la fiscalidad energética y en materia de generación de energía, y sobre gestión del canon de regulación y de la tarifa de utilización del agua, 2021.</p> <p>[11]  Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC), La nueva factura de la luz | CNMC, (2021). <a href="https://www.cnmc.es/la-nueva-factura-de-la-luz">https://www.cnmc.es/la-nueva-factura-de-la-luz</a> (accessed May 17, 2021).</p> <h3> </h3> <h3>Web links</h3> <p>(see notes)</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Barrella, R. (2021) 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Spain, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 13 Dec 2021 15:48:55 +0000 ute.dubois 251 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-spain#comments