Policy http://www.eppedia.eu/ en 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Türkiye http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-turkiye-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Türkiye</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gunay-simge" hreflang="en">Günay Simge</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/kayacan-bekir" hreflang="en">Kayacan Bekir</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Wed, 08/31/2022 - 08:33</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/139" hreflang="en">Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul University (Türkiye)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/158" hreflang="en">Department of Economics, Istanbul University (Türkiye)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-31T12:00:00Z">2022.08.31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/147" hreflang="en">2021 energy price crisis</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Affordability</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Electricity</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Gas</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2022-08/G%C3%BCnay-Kayacan_2021_Energy%20price%20crisis%20in%20T%C3%BCrkiye_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=290091" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Günay-Kayacan_2021_Energy price crisis in Türkiye</a></span><span class="file-size">283.29 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>How has the crisis affected energy costs for households? </strong></h2> <p>The EU saw sharp increases in electricity and gas prices in 2021 mostly due to the increased demand for energy and reduced gas supply (Liboreiro and de Filippis, 2021). As Altunkaya (2021) reported, consumers paid about 41 kuruş/kwh in 2017 as compared to almost 34 kuruş/kwh in 2012, corresponding to an almost 21% increase in electricity prices for households in this period[1]. It is worth noting that since 2018, there has been a remarkable increase in energy prices in the country. According to the official TURKSTAT statistics, electricity bills of residential consumers have increased by 122% since 2018 (Altunkaya, 2021).</p> <p>In the third quarter of 2021 a 15% hike was observed in electricity prices for all consumer groups in Türkiye. This means that households used electricity from about 91.56 kuruş per kwh and businesses from about 1 lira 22 kuruş per kwh in October. (Hurriyet, 2021). In fact, the Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA)[2] already had imposed a 6% increase on the National Electricity Tariff for the first quarter of 2021. Thus, the total increase in electricity prices in 2021 amounted to 21% (encazip.com, 2021).</p> <p>The increase in household electricity prices by consumption bands since 2019 can be seen in Figure 1 (TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a):</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2022-08/Figure%201.png?itok=ZuLSlMYs" width="1200" height="1104" alt="Figure 1" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1. Household Average Electricity Prices by Consumption Bands in Türkiye </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-source--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-source field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Source: TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Note: </strong>1st period (for electricity price regulation) refers to January 1-June 30, 2019. 2nd period (for electricity price regulation) refers to July 1-December 31, 2019<strong>.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>This figure clearly shows that household electricity prices continued to increase between 2019 and the first period of 2021. Average electricity prices for households amounted to 79.5 kuruş per kwh in the first period of 2021 (January-June 2021) and they were about 71 kuruş per kwh in the same period of 2020 (January-June 2020), which means that electricity prices for households increased by about 12% on average in the first period of 2021 compared to the same period last year (TURKSTAT, 2021a). The depreciation of the Turkish lira against the euro and the US dollars is considered as one of the significant factors in the increase in electricity and natural gas prices in recent years (Euronews, 2019).</p> <p>Meanwhile, the price of natural gas for residential subscribers (households) increased by 12%, while the tariff for industry and power plants for electricity generation increased by 20% in July 2021 (bloomberght.com, 2021a). The sales price applied by Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAŞ) to gas distribution companies for households was almost 149 kuruş for 1 cubic meter of natural gas in July, with an increase of 12% compared to the rate of June, while the price increase was 20% for industrial consumers, corresponding to about 178 kuruş for 1 cubic meter of natural gas. These amounts correspond to about 1488 liras for households for 1000 cubic meter of natural gas, 1783 liras for industrial consumers, and 2060 liras for power plants for electricity generation (bloomberght.com, 2021a). According to the tariff published by BOTAŞ, the natural gas price has increased for the seventh time in a row since January (haberturk.com, 2021a). The residential natural gas rate increased by 1% every month from January 1, 2021, until June 2021. Although there was a 15% increase in natural gas prices for industrial consumers and power plants starting from October 1, 2021, no similar increase has been observed for residential rates (egeajans.com). In its statement on November 1, 2021, BOTAŞ announced an about 48% increase in natural gas prices for the large industrial and commercial organizations for 1000 cubic meters of natural gas, and an almost 47% increase in natural gas prices for power plants used for electricity generation purposes for 1000 cubic meters of natural gas. Again, the rate applied for households was not changed (bloomberght.com, 2021b). Lastly, BOTAŞ announced that as of the 3rd of December the price of natural gas used in industry and power plants was increased by 20%. Like in November, the tariff applied for the household once again was kept unchanged (bbc.com, 2021). In this announcement, BOTAŞ stated that high energy prices experienced in world energy markets were not passed on to consumers at the same rate in Türkiye. They aimed to protect all consumer groups at the most from the devastating effects of the current energy crisis (QNB FinansInvest, 2021).</p> <p>The increase in household average natural gas prices by consumption bands since 2019 can be seen in Figure 2 (TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a):</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2022-08/Figure%202.png?itok=LMbIX90N" width="1200" height="709" alt="Figure 2" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2. Household Average Natural Gas Prices by Consumption Bands in Türkiye</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-source--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-source field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Source: TURKSTAT, 2020; TURKSTAT, 2021a</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>According to the Figure 2, average natural gas prices for households were 193 kuruş in the first period of 2021 (January-June 2021) and about 183 kuruş in the same period of the previous year (January-June 2020). This amounts to about 5.5% increase in household average natural gas prices on average in the first period of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What do we know about the current impacts in terms of energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>Although the natural gas prices have been kept constant for households both in October and in November 2021, Oğuz Türkyılmaz, the chairman of the Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Energy Working Group, said that he still expected a price increase for products and for electricity due to the increasing expenses of industrial enterprises and of power plants (Cakir, 2021). This expectation suggests that payment difficulties of households and even service cut offs could occur due to increasing electricity prices and arrears on households’ electricity bills. Considering that about 20% of households in Türkiye could not afford to heat their homes adequately in 2020, about 13% of them complain about the heavy burden of housing costs and almost 19% of them about the heavy burden of installments or loans in 2020 (TURKSTAT, 2021b), it is likely that the situation of low-income households will get worse in the winter 2021. In an interview with Gumuskaya (2021), Dr. Zeynep Elif Yildizel, who is the founder and Vice President of Association of Geological Research, asserted that the global energy crisis will have a negative impact on Türkiye, and more people will be energy-poor due to increasing energy prices. Furthermore, she suggested that energy vulnerable households will be exposed to food poverty soon, since the increase in energy prices will also increase food prices after a while. According to her, this means that people who are already energy-vulnerable will have to spend their income on food first, by cutting back on their electricity, water, and natural gas usage. However, when increases in energy prices also increase food prices, households will also have to cut their food expenditures (Gumuskaya, 2021).</p> <p>Azem Bartu Yildirim (2021), a researcher at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM in Turkish), wrote about the increasing natural gas prices and its possible effect on residential consumers in Türkiye. Yildirim highlighted that natural gas is the main energy source for heating in the country; the share of households in total natural gas consumption was about 32% in 2020, before other sectors such as conversion (28%) and industry (26%). Considering the uncertainties about weather conditions during the winter period – despite estimations of air temperatures around the seasonal normal – it is likely for vulnerable consumers (such as low income households, disabled people, or pensioners) to be negatively affected by natural gas price increases due to increasing demand in winter (Yildirim, 2021). Quoting from Ali Arif Aktürk, who is the former director of Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAŞ) and an energy expert in Türkiye, Ozdemir (2021) touches on possible electricity cut offs in case of difficulties in power plants working with natural gas. On the other hand, households are not expected to be negatively affected by natural gas cuts.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What are the impacts on supply conditions and suppliers?</strong></h2> <p>While some experts have forecasted that energy price increases would not affect Türkiye to the same extent as Europe, at the same time, they expect that Türkiye’s import bills on energy will increase because of higher energy prices (Zeren, 2021). In addition, Yildirim (2021) from the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM) argued that one of the vulnerabilities of Türkiye is its dependency on foreign sources of energy: in 2020, Türkiye met almost 99.7% of its natural gas demand through imports (Yildirim, 2021). On the other hand, Fatih Donmez, the incumbent Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, stated that investments made in electricity and natural gas infrastructure in recent years should help Türkiye not to confront any energy shortage during the winter months. This statement was grounded on Türkiye’s agreements of natural gas supply with Azerbaijan, Russia and Iran, and on the enlargement of national underground storage capacity of natural gas (hurriyetdailynews.com). As Bagış (2021) reported, Türkiye also takes steps towards the diversification of its energy sources, such as LNG imports from Algeria and Qatar (Bagıs, 2021). Moreover, he emphasized that the Turkish government continues negotiations for obtaining further supplies of natural gas since Türkiye’s contracts expire at the end of 2021 (Daily Sabah with AA, 2021).</p> <p>In 2021, energy distributors faced cost increases caused by higher raw material prices, drought and an increase in exchange rates. Energy industry representatives said that increasing demand along with higher prices and cost pressures put electricity distribution and generation companies in a difficult position. Noting that the industrial sector buys electricity very cheaply, the representatives underlined that a 45% increase should be made for the industrial sector in the coming period. Burak Kuyan, who is the chairman of Energy Traders Association, stated that the hikes that have not been made and the measures that have not been taken in a timely manner are more likely to cause more problems in the future. He also noted that, although the hikes that were not made did not cause much trouble for electricity production companies, they caused serious problems especially for electricity retail companies. According to Kuyan, potential problems include the inability of generation plants with shrinking profit margins to pay their debts and the burden on the banking sector (bloomberght.com, 2021c).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Which policy responses have been implemented or debated?</strong></h2> <p>Different types of policy responses exist in Türkiye to deal with the problem of energy poverty. These concern the cut of various contributions that were previously paid by consumers, such as a fee called TRT share is included in the electricity bills in Türkiye to meet the expenses of the Turkish Radio and Television (TRT) Corporation. Another fee is the electricity energy fund fee[3] charged to consumers to cover the infrastructure needs in a context where both the population and the electricity consumption increase (haberturk.com, 2021b). President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, in a press statement he made after the cabinet meeting earlier in November 2021, announced that the TRT share in electricity bills would be removed and that energy fund cuts would be implemented to alleviate the burden of increasing energy prices on consumers (bloomberght.com, 2021d; Erdem, 2021). Some experts, on the other hand, argued that removing the TRT share and energy fund cuts from electricity bills would not make much of a difference for residential consumers, claiming that even if the cuts come into effect, their impact on the monthly household electricity bills would not exceed 1.5 to 2 liras (Erdem, 2021).</p> <p>Mehmet Ozdag, who is the member of the Board of the Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO in Turkish) argued that the Value-Added Tax (VAT) taken at the rate of 18% from electricity bills could also be abolished to alleviate the energy burden on residential consumers. Alternatively, he proposed that VAT rates could be determined according to the amount of households’ electricity consumption and the surface of dwellings they reside in. Concerning the municipal consumption tax[4] that is still charged on electricity bills, he suggested that removing this tax which represents 5% of the electricity bills could ease the burden on residential consumers (Erdem, 2021).</p> <p>Besides this debate, Fatih Donmez, the incumbent Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, announced the introduction of a gradual pricing schedule in electricity and natural gas bills. Donmez said that the timetable was not yet clarified since they were waiting for the law to come out. Upon switching to gradually priced bills the consumers who use electricity sparingly will pay lower bills relative to heavily consuming subscribers (haberglobal.com.tr, 2021). At this point, it would be important to accurately target fuel poor households who are also income-poor since low-income and precarious households already use electricity and/or natural gas sparingly. Providing adequate and affordable energy for all is key.</p> <p>At the local level, the Municipality of Uskudar, a district in Istanbul, announced that during the winter 2021-22, they would provide 400 TL/month of natural gas support for the in-district residential use of students’ apartments where at least three-roommates reside with subscription of Istanbul Gas Distribution Industry and Trade Joint Stock Company (IGDAS) (memurlar.net, 2021).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>To what extent have the energy poverty impacts of the crisis affected the national debate on energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>The global energy crisis and its possible effects on Türkiye received wide media coverage in the country. This situation inevitably brought the issue of energy affordability on the policy agenda. To avoid energy poverty, policymakers strongly recommend that households implement energy conservation measures. Fatih Donmez, the current Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, recently pointed out the importance of changing habits and attitudes towards energy use so as to save energy (Daily Sabah with AA, 2021). The gradual pricing for energy, for both residential and industrial consumers, also aims to bring about a change in habits, by encouraging the efficient use of electrical energy and ensuring that those who consume more in similar consumer groups bear the cost of their overconsumption (haberglobal.com.tr, 2021).</p> <p>In addition, considering that Türkiye depends on fossil fuels to a large extent and that its energy demand is expected to increase in the future, Cevheribucak (2021) emphasizes the importance of an energy transition for the country. She suggests that Türkiye needs to take steps to ensure its energy security by transitioning away from fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas for environmental sustainability, human security, and energy justice. Most importantly, she points to the disparity between policy and implementation to achieve “just” energy transition along with sustainable mobility in Türkiye.</p> <p>On the other hand, in an interview with Gumuskaya (2021), Dr. Zeynep Elif Yıldızel[5] approached the issue from a different standpoint, referring to the neoliberal policies such as the privatizations in the energy sector since 1980, production costs deprived of government support, and increased costs upon the 2008 crisis as the main reasons of energy poverty in the world. She suggests that the increase in prices due to privatizations and to the inability to control primary energy sources such as crude oil and/or natural gas resulted in increase in energy prices both in Türkiye and in other countries. By saying this, she highlights that since both Europe and Türkiye are heavily dependent on Russia for their natural gas demand, they cannot control for the price of natural gas and therefore, face high energy prices. According to her, this is what happened in Türkiye and Europe in September and October 2021. As a result of this, she added, more people are expected to become energy poor in both Türkiye and Europe (Gumuskaya, 2021).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2> <p>Rising energy prices prevail across the world. Not surprisingly, it is expected that Türkiye will also be affected to a certain extent by the increasing energy prices. Energy prices in Türkiye have already been on an upward trend for the last couple of years. Authorities have taken and continue to take some measures to mitigate the impact of increasing energy prices on the budgets of households and firms. Energy efficiency, coupled with a transition to renewable energy, is undoubtedly critical at this point, notwithstanding it is a longer-term endeavour. Therefore, low-income individuals/households will probably need continued protection from the rising energy prices in Türkiye in the future.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Notes</strong></h2> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">In accordance with the circular published in the Official Gazette on “The Use of Expression of ‘Türkiye’ as a trademark (Independent Türkçe, 2021), the expression ‘Türkiye’ is used.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">[1] 1 Turkish lira equal to 100 kuruş.</p> <p>[2] For the press release of Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (2021), please see <em>Elektrik Faturalarına Esas Tarife Tabloları: 1/7/2021 tarihinden itibaren geçerli olacak elektrik tarifeleri tabloları hk</em>. Link: <a href="https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-1327/elektrik-faturalarina-esas-tarife-tablolari">https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-1327/elektrik-faturalarina-esas-tarife-tablolari#</a>.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">[3] The Energy fund fee is a contribution for meeting the sector infrastructure expenses. İt is  determined by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Euronews, 2021).</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText">[4] Municipal consumption tax is a compulsory tax that is calculated proportionally over the “active energy cost” included in the electricity bills of consumers. It is also known as “electricity consumption tax”. These taxes are transferred directly to the municipalities’ budgets, thus supporting local municipalities. Municipal consumption tax (MCT) rates differ for residential and industrial subscribers (5% of the consumption amount for residential and commercial subscribers and 1% of the consumption amount for industrial subscribers) (elektriksepeti.com, 2016).</p> <p>[5] Dr. Yıldızel is an energy expert who is the founder and Vice President of the Association of Geological Researches. She worked at Turkish Petroleum Corporation between 1996-2009. She is the writer of “Energy Resources: Global Perspective, Concepts and Economics (zeynepelifyildizel.com, 2022). She is frequently featured in the media with her speeches and articles on energy. Her main research interests are carbonates, energy resources, economic geology, petroleum geology, hydrocarbon exploration, oil and gas, subsurface geology and well logs (METU Geological Engineering Department, 2022).</p> <p> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Altunkaya, T. 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Link:<a href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/dunya-enerji-krizinin-ortasinda-yuksek-fiyat-donemi-41917575">https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/dunya-enerji-krizinin-ortasinda-yuksek-fiyat-donemi-41917575</a>.  [Accessed 26 November 2021].</p> <p>Zeynepelifyildizel.com. (2022). Personal Website. Link: <a href="https://www.zeynepelifyildizel.com/">https://www.zeynepelifyildizel.com/</a>. [Accessed 15 August 2022].</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Günay, S. and Kayacan, B. (2021) 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Türkiye, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 31 Aug 2022 08:33:00 +0000 ute.dubois 257 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-turkiye-0#comments 2021 energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Spain http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-spain <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>2021 energy price crisis impacts on energy poverty in Spain</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/barrella-roberto" hreflang="en">Barrella Roberto</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 12/13/2021 - 15:48</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/108" hreflang="en">Chair of Energy and Poverty - ICAI School of Engineering, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid (Spain)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-13T12:00:00Z">2021.12.13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-04-12T12:00:00Z">2022.04.12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/147" hreflang="en">2021 energy price crisis</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1" hreflang="en">Electricity</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Gas</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Affordability</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2022-04/Barrella_2021%20Energy%20Price%20Crisis%20in%20Spain_Barrella_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=242431" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Barrella_2021 Energy Price Crisis in Spain</a></span><span class="file-size">236.75 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The most updated official diagnosis to date on the incidence of energy poverty in Spain is the one carried out by the National Strategy against Energy Poverty [1], [2]. The four primary indicators proposed by the EU Energy Poverty Observatory (EPOV) [3] were calculated between 2014 and 2019 using the data of the Spanish Living Conditions Survey and Household Budget Survey. Table 1 shows their values expressed as share of households in energy poverty in Spain with respect to the total number of households in the year of study.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-12/Table%201.png?itok=LJ0FeROW" width="1200" height="485" alt="" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Table 1. Incidence of energy poverty in Spain, according to the EPOV primary indicators (percentage of households) [1], [2]</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Regarding energy prices, which are one of the key issues affecting energy poverty, the Spanish natural gas and electricity tariffs can be divided in “regulated market” and “free market” tariffs, being the former regulated by the Government and the National Commission of Markets and Competition (CNMC). Particularly, the electricity regulated tariff (PVPC is the Spanish acronym for the electricity regulated price) depends directly on the wholesale electricity market, which sets the prices throughout the day. On the other hand, in the natural gas regulated tariff (TUR in Spanish), the Government and the CNMC publish quarterly the maximum and minimum price that gas retailers can charge in the bill. According to the CNMC [4], in the last trimester of 2019, 37.2% of electricity consumers where on the regulated market against only 19.9% of natural gas consumers who contracted a TUR. In 2020, these percentages did not change drastically (in the third trimester were, respectively, 36.9% and 19.8%). In this regard, the average electricity bill of a Spanish household strongly depends on the type of tariff contracted. Indeed, according to the CNMC [5], in the last semester of 2019, the average monthly electricity expenditure in the regulated and free markets were, respectively, €48.9 and €63. A similar difference was reported in the last semester of 2020 (i.e. regulated market: €46.4; free market: €61.7). Among the other energy carriers used in Spanish households, the maximum price of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG, butane or propane) is also regulated (bimonthly) by the government.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>How has the crisis affected energy costs for households? </strong></h2></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-12/Table%202.png?itok=8OE5tlMq" width="1200" height="531" alt="" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Table 2. 2021-2019 ‘regulated’ energy prices’ difference during winter [6], [7]</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The 2021 energy crisis has affected Spanish households’ energy expenditure (particularly the electricity and natural gas bills) in different ways depending on if the consumer is on the regulated or free market and the kind of tariff contracted. Regarding the electricity supply, the Government has ensured that the household will pay, on average, the same amount of money in 2021 as in 2018<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>, considering that only the bills of household on the PVPC have been directly affected by the price increase in the wholesale electricity market (see Introduction). However, consumer organizations as FACUA claim that, in order for the government to keep its word, the December PVPC bill would have to be ‘negative’, i.e. the average user of the regulated tariff should receive around 15 euros in December's bill<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a>.</p> <p>When focusing on the 2021 winter months<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> (which are generally the most critical ones for vulnerable households) and on the ‘regulated’ prices<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a> (in Spain, consumers must be on the electricity regulated market as primary condition to benefit from social tariffs), the energy prices change with respect to the pre-COVID year, i.e. 2019, have been the ones shown Table 2. These values take into account the Government’s price-mitigation measures described hereafter.</p> <p>It can be noticed that the higher price increase was the one related to the electricity time-change tariff, which was much cheaper in 2019. On the other hand, the regulated natural-gas price cap set by the Government in October 2021 has resulted in a decrease of the regulated natural gas tariff in 2021 compared to 2019.</p> <p>Regarding the “free-market”, the analysis of the overall trend is trivial because every supplier can offer several tariffs. However, it should be highlighted that specific suppliers have proposed new tariffs that apparently guarantee a fixed electricity price for up to two years.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Which policy responses have been implemented or debated?</strong></h2> <p>The energy prices shown in Table 2 take into account the following government measures<a href="#_ftn6">[6]</a> introduced to mitigate the price hikes [8], [9], [10]:</p> <ul> <li>Electricity: <ul> <li>Reduction of VAT from 21% to 10%<a href="#_ftn7">[7]</a> (Royal Decree-Law 12/2021 of 24 June 2021, effective from the end of June).</li> <li>Reduction of electricity tax from 5.11% to 0.5% (Royal Decree-Law 17/2021 of 14 September 2021, effective from mid-September).</li> <li>Reduction of demand charges (96% reduction, Royal Decree-Law 17/2021 of 14 September 2021, effective from mid-September)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Natural gas: <ul> <li>Cap on the regulated price of natural gas (TUR) for winter 2021/2022 (Royal Decree-Law 17/2021 of 14 September 2021, Resolution of 26 September 2021, effective from the end of September)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Moreover, the Royal Decree Law 23/2021 [9] increased the assistance programs’ coverage (described in [6]), both for the electricity social tariff and the Thermal Social Allowance (TSA, introduced in 2018 to support heating, domestic hot water and cooking costs in Spanish vulnerable households). Specifically, the discount on the electricity bill granted by the social tariff to vulnerable consumers was increased from the current 25% to 60% and from 40% to 70% for the severely vulnerable - until 31 March 2022. On the other hand, the budget for the TSA was doubled in 2021 (the starting budget earmarked for 2021 was €100m), reaching 202.5 million euros. Considering the number of TSA beneficiaries in 2021 (1.22 million households), the average allowance has been €166 per household.</p> <p>Additionally, the Royal Decree Law 17/2021 [8]  enhanced the  moratorium of four months (after the first demand for payment) to disconnect the electricity supply of vulnerable consumers by adding six months with a "minimum vital supply" proxy, which consists of a electricity supply with a maximum power of 3.5 kW.</p> <p>Finally, the bill that cut 'windfall profits' to electricity companies (CO2 allowances in the remuneration of power plants that do not bear these costs, mainly hydroelectric and nuclear plants) has been approved in the chamber of deputies.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What do we know on the current impacts in terms of energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>A recently published study [6] proposes a methodology to estimate the Spanish winter energy poverty  (WEP) share  based on the EPOV 2M approach (see Table 1) using the required thermal energy expenditure of vulnerable households. Moreover, that work assesses the impact of the Thermal Social Allowance (TSA). The latter calculation was performed for 2019, but the same authors have replicated the calculation for 2021 [7] including the new structure of the electricity bill, the average energy prices for 2021 and the short-term measures implemented (described above). In 2021, despite the price-mitigation measures implemented by the government, the average-household’s required thermal energy expenditure increased by 10% compared with its value in 2019 (2019: €1057; 2021: €1159). Moreover, the WEP share in the vulnerable consumers sample is expected to increase with respect to the same year (1.2% increase in vulnerable consumers affected by energy poverty during winter, thus reaching 97%). The good news is that the increase in the TSA budget enhanced the mitigation impact on WEP in 2021 with respect to 2019 (-2% compared to -1%).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>What are the impacts on supply conditions and suppliers?</strong></h2> <p>2021 has been a critical year both for the change in the Spanish electricity tariff structure implemented in June<a href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> [11] and the energy price crisis that is still ongoing. These facts have been causing changes in contracts and supply conditions that have particularly affected the most vulnerable groups of the population, which often lack of knowledge on their energy bills. In order to increase the awareness on these issues, the Government decreed that ‘consumers must be given adequate notice in a transparent and comprehensible manner of any intention to modify the terms of the contract and informed of their right to withdraw from the contract free of charge when they receive notice’. Moreover, they should ‘be notified directly by their supplier of any price revision resulting from the planned conditions, at least one month in advance of its implementation in a transparent and comprehensible manner’ [9].</p> <p>On the other hand, the escalation in prices has triggered arrears among small suppliers, which may be forced to send their consumers to other companies that are more resistant to market shocks. For example, at the beginning of October, the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge announced the start of procedures for disqualification and transfer of customers of two small electricity suppliers<a href="#_ftn9">[9]</a>.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>To what extent have the energy poverty impacts of the crisis affected the national debate on energy poverty?</strong></h2> <p>This energy price crisis has had a controversial impact on the national debate on energy poverty. On the one hand, it has increased the awareness on this social issue both in the political debate and on the public opinion. On the other hand, there is a risk of focusing and identifying energy poverty as a problem resulting (only) from high energy prices. Both aspects are connected with the redundancy of news on the energy price rise, which harks back the global debate on the definition of energy as a universal right, which was deeply analysed in a recent published ENGAGER toolkit<a href="#_ftn10">[10]</a> .</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2> <p>In 2021, despite the measures implemented by the government, energy poverty is expected to increase. The good news is that the increase in the budget for social allowances and the implementation of price reduction measures will at least alleviate the effects of this energy price increase. However, these palliative measures alone cannot be the solution to energy poverty in the medium and long term, not least because of their high annual cost. They should then be complemented by structural measures (e.g. improving the energy efficiency of housing and introducing a –real- minimum vital supply for vulnerable consumers) to avoid "chronification" of the problem, thus helping vulnerable households to escape from energy poverty.</p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> It is the year when the current prime minister come into government (news about the prime minister’s promise: <a href="https://elpais.com/especiales/2021/entrevista-pedro-sanchez/">https://elpais.com/especiales/2021/entrevista-pedro-sanchez/</a>)</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2021-11-29/la-factura-de-diciembre-tendria-que-ser-negativa-para-que-sanchez-cumpla-su-palabra_3332816/">https://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2021-11-29/la-factura-de-diciembre-tendria-que-ser-negativa-para-que-sanchez-cumpla-su-palabra_3332816/</a></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3">[3]</a> According to the Spanish building regulation, the winter months (heating season) are from January to May and from October to December. However, the presented data assume that the average price in November and December will be the same as in October.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4">[4]</a> Regulated prices for electricity, natural gas and LPG. The prices used for gasoil and biomass are based on average price statistics "at delivery point".</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Before June 2021, there were two main regulated market tariffs, i.e. 2.0A (no time metering or ‘flat tariff’) and 2.0DHA (time-of-use or ‘hourly discrimination’ tariff). The electricity tariff considered for the months after June 2021 is a new time-change tariff (2.0 D) valid for all consumer on the regulated market.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6">[6]</a> It includes only price mitigation measures that directly impact the energy bill.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7">[7]</a> VAT is reduced from 21% to 10% for consumers with contracted power up to 10 kW if the average market price exceeds 45 euros per MWh. The government reinforces the degree of protection for severely vulnerable consumers, applying 10% VAT regardless of the market price and the contracted power.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref8">[8]</a> In the new structure, the amount of two of the invoices of the electricity bill, i.e. regulated system access fees and the demand charges, depends on in which of the regulated three day-bands the electricity is being consumed:  peak hours (from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.), flat or standard hours (from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. and in the evening from 10 p.m. to midnight) and off-peak hours (from midnight to 8 a.m. on weekdays and the twenty-four hours of weekends and public holidays).</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9">[9]</a> <a href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2021/10/05/pdfs/BOE-B-2021-41024.pdf">https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2021/10/05/pdfs/BOE-B-2021-41024.pdf</a></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10">[10]</a> <a href="http://www.engager-energy.net/policy-briefs/">http://www.engager-energy.net/policy-briefs/</a></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"> </p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>[1]    Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica, Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética 2019-2024, 2019. <a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/estrategianacionalcontralapobrezaenergetica2019-2024_tcm30-496282.pdf">https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/estrategianacionalcontralapobrezaen…</a>.</p> <p>[2]    Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, Actualización de indicadores de la Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética. Noviembre de 2020, 2020. <a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/20201106_actualizaciondeindicadores2020_final__tcm30-516466.pdf">https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/20201106_actualizaciondeindicadores…</a> (accessed November 12, 2020).</p> <p>[3]    Indicators, (n.d.). <a href="https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/energy-poverty-observatory/indicators_en">https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/energy-poverty-observatory/indicato…</a> (accessed December 9, 2021).</p> <p>[4]    Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC), Informe De Supervisión De Los Cambios De Comercializador –Cuarto Trimestre 2019, 2019. <a href="http://www.cnmc.es">www.cnmc.es</a>.</p> <p>[5]    C.N. de los M. y la C. (CNMC), CNMCData, (2021). <a href="http://data.cnmc.es/datagraph/">http://data.cnmc.es/datagraph/</a> (accessed December 7, 2021).</p> <p>[6]    R. Barrella, J.I. Linares, J.C. Romero, E. Arenas, E. Centeno, Does cash money solve energy poverty? Assessing the impact of household heating allowances in Spain, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 80 (2021) 1–18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102216">https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102216</a>.</p> <p>[7]    R. Barrella, ¿Hasta dónde está llegando el bono térmico para paliar la Pobreza Energética?, VII Semin. Interdiscip. La Cátedra Energía y Pobr. (2021).</p> <p>[8]    Jefatura Del Estado, Real Decreto-ley 17/2021, de 14 de septiembre, de medidas urgentes para mitigar el impacto de la escalada de precios del gas natural en los mercados minoristas de gas y electricidad., 2021.</p> <p>[9]    Jefatura Del Estado, Real Decreto-ley 23/2021, de 26 de octubre, de medidas urgentes en materia de energía para la protección de los consumidores y la introducción de transparencia en los mercados mayorista y minorista de electricidad y gas natural, 2021.</p> <p>[10]  Jefatura del Estado, Real Decreto-ley 12/2021, de 24 de junio, por el que se adoptan medidas urgentes en el ámbito de la fiscalidad energética y en materia de generación de energía, y sobre gestión del canon de regulación y de la tarifa de utilización del agua, 2021.</p> <p>[11]  Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC), La nueva factura de la luz | CNMC, (2021). <a href="https://www.cnmc.es/la-nueva-factura-de-la-luz">https://www.cnmc.es/la-nueva-factura-de-la-luz</a> (accessed May 17, 2021).</p> <h3> </h3> <h3>Web links</h3> <p>(see notes)</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Barrella, R. (2021) 2021 Energy Price Crisis impacts on Energy Poverty in Spain, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 13 Dec 2021 15:48:55 +0000 ute.dubois 251 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/2021-energy-price-crisis-impacts-energy-poverty-spain#comments Cold homes during the winter period in the UK http://www.eppedia.eu/article/cold-homes-during-winter-period-uk <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Cold homes during the winter period in the UK</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gouveia-joao-pedro" hreflang="en">Gouveia João Pedro </a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/mahoney-katherine" hreflang="en">Mahoney Katherine</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Thu, 09/09/2021 - 14:24</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/116" hreflang="en">CENSE – Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Science and Environmental Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon (Portugal)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-09-09T12:00:00Z">2021.09.09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/48" hreflang="en">Cold homes</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/28" hreflang="en">Health</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/144" hreflang="en">Excess winter deaths</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-09/Gouveia%20%26%20Mahoney_2021_Cold%20homes%20in%20the%20UK_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=174984" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Gouveia &amp; Mahoney (2021) Cold homes in the UK</a></span><span class="file-size">170.88 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on cold homes during the winter period in the policy debate of the UK</strong></h2> <p>The UK policy arena actively recognizes the impacts of cold homes on public health; indeed, the initial UK fuel poverty policies have been labelled “first and foremost public health policies.” (Scottish Government, 2017 p.86). The political response arose following the initial conceptualisation of “fuel poverty” in the late 1970’s, driven by the phasing out of gas and electricity subsidies and the 1973-74 oil crises. The concept gained traction in the following years with a definition from Isherwood and Hancock in 1979 and a continued development of the theme leading to Brenda Boardman’s notorious quantification of the condition in 1991 (Koh et al<em>.,</em> 2012). The 1997 election of the Labour party transitioned fuel poverty into a distinct political issue where it had previously been considered under the umbrella of general poverty (Koh et al<em>.,</em> 2012). A study observing trends in household energy consumption between 1970 and the early 2010’s observed increases in average temperatures within UK homes and a general shift in the expectations of domestic consumers in regard to thermal comfort. Average temperatures in homes with central heating have risen from 13.7°C to 17.7°C and from 11.2°C to 16.5°C in homes without central heating (Palmer and Cooper, 2013).</p> <p>Analysis of more recent UK policy documentation demonstrates a continued reflection of health vulnerabilities in the policy response. For example, a 2015 catalogue identified 75 health-related fuel poverty schemes in England (DECC, 2015). A recent review of the fuel poverty definition in Scotland reflected a desire to account for health vulnerabilities in the revised definition (Scottish Government, 2017).</p> <p>Additionally, public health documentation outlines a series of health conditions including respiratory and circulatory conditions as well as the mental health impacts associated with fuel poverty (Public Health England, 2014). There is also a recognition that the average number of excess winter deaths (EWDs) linked to cold homes is disproportionately high in the UK (Public Health England, 2014) where the rate of EWDs is the sixth highest out of 30 European countries (Guertler et al., 2018). The high rate of EWDs is particularly surprising given the UK’s long history of mitigating fuel poverty and relatively high rates of central heating ownership (E3G, 2019). UK Governmental literature recognizes that a proportion of EWDs are preventable and that improving temperatures in homes through improved energy efficiency could reduce the number of EWDs (NICE, 2015). Implementation of such mitigation measures could both improve public health and reduce NHS costs by an estimated £1.36 billion (Guertler et al., 2018).</p> <p>It has been estimated that 10% of EWDs can be attributed to conditions of fuel poverty in the home (Guertler et al., 2018). Alleviating fuel poverty is therefore intrinsically linked with the alleviation of the health conditions associated with cold homes. The traditionally recognized drivers of fuel poverty in the UK are income, energy price and energy efficiency. UK policy therefore principally addresses fuel poverty by targeting these three drivers.</p> <p>Given that improvement of inefficient housing stock also reduces carbon emissions, there is a strong incentive for the UK Government to implement efficiency-based policies. Energy efficiency measures also generally lead to energy bill reductions. For example, a post evaluation of the impacts of the Kirklees Warm Zone project which insulated 51,000 homes with insulation between 2007-2010, showed that there was an average energy bill saving of 10.6% for the average participating household. The insulation also resulted in reduction of 11.8% of average carbon emissions from the total energy consumed within households (Webber et al., 2015). The potential of efficiency upgrades to reduce energy bill costs was highlighted in the launch of the 2020 Green Homes Grant (BEIS, 2020). Taking the above into account, it is possible to split the UK policy response to fuel poverty, and through this the approach to cold homes into three categories (Table 1) - the first being those specifically offering financial aid towards winter heating costs, the second being energy efficiency improvements, and the third being policies which combine energy efficiency and renewable installation/uptake initiatives for cost saving. Efficiency improvements may not always coincide with net cost savings if householders bear the cost of the installation or if the home did not previously have climatization equipment installed.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-09/Table%201.png?itok=N4gmRmFx" width="1200" height="681" alt="Table 1" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Table 1. UK Fuel poverty alleviation policy methods. </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-source--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-source.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-source field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Adapted from Mahoney et al (2020).</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The policies presented in Table 1 demonstrate a level of commitment by the UK Government to reducing the impacts of cold homes on their occupants. The mechanisms employed are diverse and therefore have the potential to capture a wide group of vulnerable consumers. While financial aids towards heating costs tend to be administrated by the Government, efficiency schemes have the tendency to be privately administrated. These schemes operate on a range of scales, from national to local.</p> <p>While there are several efficiency-based targets in the UK, two key policies are the Green Deal and Energy Company Obligation (ECO) schemes. Between May 2015 and February 2019, 852,000 households had installed an improvement measure under either of these schemes (BEIS, 2018). In the case of the Green Deal, companies must be Green Deal approved; customers are able to check the authenticity of the company on a Government webpage (UK GOV, 2020). ECO installations are funded by energy suppliers as part of their “supplier obligations” in terms of climate change mitigation and fuel poverty alleviation (Ofgem, 2020a). Suppliers are obligated according to the number of domestic customers they serve and the amount of energy they supply. These criteria are reviewed and updated systematically (Ofgem, 2020b).</p> <p>The Government perspective on these schemes is that they are beneficial in terms of their ability to make homes warmer and heating more affordable. Further positives include the creation of skilled employment opportunities in the small and medium sized business sectors (BEIS, 2019). Despite the advantages of these schemes, some adverse effects of the Green Deal were a subject of debate in the UK parliament, specifically given that the measures were installed by private companies there were issues around quality control, consumer protection and the overselling of energy bill savings (HC Deb 23rd October 2018).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on cold homes during the winter period in the UK</strong></h2> <p>The research perspective on cold homes centres on excess winter deaths, impacts on health and social services, physical and mental health, energy efficiency and the administration of alleviating policies. While the UK policy response to cold homes is comparatively mature in the European context, cold homes still present a significant problem (Sovacool, 2015), (Middlemiss et al., 2015). Particular concern focuses on the levels of resources dedicated to mitigation policies, the time frames involved, amendments to targets and the type of eligibility criteria utilized to decide which homes are included (Gillard et al., 2017).</p> <p>The issue of excess winter deaths in the UK is highly contentious, with sources arguing that deaths related to cold homes are preventable, a perspective shared within academic and non-governmental research (Guertler et al., 2018; Age UK, 2015; The Marmot Review, 2011). Other sources have also highlighted that physical health conditions can be alleviated by increasing warmth in the home (Thomson et al, 2013). The leading contributors to cold homes are identified as an inefficient housing stock, a relatively poor space heating affordability ratio and the poor state of repair of many UK homes (ACE, 2015).</p> <p>Extreme winter weather conditions are another cause of concern within the research community, for instance the winter of 2017-2018 saw extreme cold snaps which stretched health services and where the conditions in hospitals were described by medical staff as “third world” (BMA, 2018). During this testing period there were instances when patients who had been hospitalized were discharged prematurely into homes they were unable to heat, resulting in re-admittance (NEA, 2018). In fact, it was reported that one in twenty hospital admissions was likely to be a repeat admission (Triggle, 2018). The UK Cold Weather Payment, a payment of £25 issued to eligible homes for periods when the temperature is below 0°C for seven consecutive days, was a highly called upon resource at this time. For those vulnerable householders ineligible for the payment, however, the ability to acquire adequate heating services was severely compromised (NEA, 2018). It is estimated that in future events of extreme cold in the UK will become less likely as a result of climate change. However, December 2010 was the coldest December on record for over 100 years. The 2013 spring was also problematic due to the unseasonably late snowfall (Met Office, 2020).</p> <p>The unprecedented lockdown circumstances during the coronavirus led to domestic energy consumption increases, consequently pushing up energy bills by an average of £16 per household (USWITCH, 2020). These conditions have caused some researchers to call for improved home energy efficiency standards rather than focusing the reduction of energy bills (University of Salford, 2020). The coronavirus pandemic has also served as a reminder that warm homes can reduce the impacts of respiratory illness, thereby increasing impetus to improve housing conditions (Baker et al, 2020).</p> <p>Despite these more recent events bringing such health and financial vulnerabilities to the fore, active research on cold homes and their associated negative health impacts is well established in the UK. For example, the works of Liddell and Morris (2010) identified an increased risk of household accidents as a result of cold homes, as well as a higher occurrence of conditions such as arthritis, asthma, influenza and pneumonia. The Marmot Review (2011) highlighted variations in the health conditions affecting different age groups. These ranged from weight gain and developmental effects impacts in children and mental health impacts in adolescents. Adults experienced general health impacts, particularly in the elderly or those with pre-existing conditions.</p> <p>Vadodaria et al., (2014) add depth to the previously discussed temperature increases in UK homes demonstrating that  although bedroom temperatures have increased, there is little evidence of temperature increases in living rooms over the last 40 years (These findings call for increased study of domestic thermal comfort levels and for the focus of this work to differentiate between areas of the home (Vadodaria et al. 2014). Lomas et al. (2013) highlighted that in the city of Leister flats had a greater tendency to be warmer than other household types in the summer months, while detached homes and end terraces were more likely to be cooler. Importantly, people over 70 years old were much more likely to heat their homes during the summer months than other age groups, despite this group having an increased vulnerability to high summer temperatures. There are concerns that policy has focused disproportionately on the elderly, leading to the marginalization of other vulnerable groups (Snell et al, 2015). This has particular relevance to financial instruments, the Winter Fuel Payment has been labelled a “blanket payment”, awarding funds according to age rather than need (Sovacool, 2015). The complex eligibility criteria associated with other financial aids have been labelled by others as too limiting (Walker and Day, 2012).</p> <p>The fact that a number of energy poverty alleviation policies are now run by the private sector rather than the public sector has also been a source of criticism. The private sector is more likely to be cost conscious and less scrupulous in the selection and processing of vulnerable householders (Walker and Day, 2012), thus increasing the possibility that households in need are passed over. The fact that energy cost reduction measures are in some cases administrated by energy companies is also called into question, identifying an apparent conflict of interest (Rosenow, 2013). In particular, the true cost saving impact of measures installed through the ECO scheme have been called into question, where it is argued that estimated savings are greater than achieved savings (Age UK, 2012; Moser, 2017).</p> <p>The research community has also highlighted flaws in the Green Deal, going so far in some cases as to label the scheme a “failure” and arguing that despite its initial promise, the scheme severely under-delivered on the number of energy efficiency improvements made (O’Keeffe et al., 2016; Rosenow, 2016; Howarth et al., 2018). Reasons for the lower than expected uptake include uncertainty about the true financial benefits of efficiency measures (Howarth et al., 2018) and  high interest rates on loan repayments (Rosenow, 2016). The complexity of the customer journey was another unattractive element of the scheme, where different efficiency measures offered under the scheme were installed by different organisations rather than a “one stop shop” approach (Bergman et al., 2017). Overall, in the eyes of the research community the severity of the UK cold homes problem still outweighs the policy response. The comparative maturity of the UK policy response to cold homes facilitates an assessment of the effectiveness of policy instruments over time. These assessments are employed by the research community to exert pressure in the policy making environment. Despite the fact that cold homes still present a significant problem in the UK, some policies have been positively received (Sovacool, 2015; Webber et al., 2015) and consumer expectations in terms of comfort and well-being have changed. There is also evidence of a certain level of Government transparency (for example with regard to EWD rates). It is therefore key that the research community continues to investigate the causes of cold homes and to publicly divulge their findings in order to realise meaningful reductions in the number of cold UK homes.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Age UK. 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The Health Impacts of Cold Homes and Fuel Poverty. London. Friends of the Earth &amp; The Marmot Review Team Available at: <a href="http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review/fair-society-healthy-lives-full-report-pdf.pdf">http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review/fair-society-healthy-lives-full-report-pdf.pdf</a></p> <p>Thomson, H., Thomas, S., Sellstrom, E., Petticrew, M. (2013). Housing improvements for health and associated socio-economic outcomes. The Cochrane Collaboration: The Cochrane Library. Available at:  <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008657.pub2/epdf/full">https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008657.pub2/epdf/full</a></p> <p>Triggle, N. (2018). Patients 'sent home to no heat or light'. BBC News. Available at: <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42908896">https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42908896</a></p> <p>UK GOV. (2020). Green Deal: energy saving for your home. Available at: <a href="https://www.gov.uk/green-deal-energy-saving-measures">https://www.gov.uk/green-deal-energy-saving-measures</a>  </p> <p>University of Salford. (2020). Coronavirus: Researchers Call For Urgent Action To Tackle Fuel Poverty. Manchester. Available at: <a href="https://beta.salford.ac.uk/news/coronavirus-researchers-call-urgent-action-tackle-fuel-poverty">https://beta.salford.ac.uk/news/coronavirus-researchers-call-urgent-action-tackle-fuel-poverty</a></p> <p>USWITCH. (2020). Stay-at-home Britons could spend an extra £52m a week on energy bills. Available at: <a href="https://www.uswitch.com/gas-electricity/news/2020/03/24/working-from-home-energy-bills/">https://www.uswitch.com/gas-electricity/news/2020/03/24/working-from-home-energy-bills/</a></p> <p>Vadodaria, K., Loveday, D., L., Haines, V. (2014). Measured winter and spring-time indoor temperatures in UK homes over the period 1969–2010: A review and synthesis. Energy Policy, 64, 252-262.</p> <p>Walker, G., Day, R. (2012). Fuel poverty as injustice: Integrating distribution, recognition and procedure in the struggle for affordable warmth. Energy Policy, 49, 69-75</p> <p>Webber, P., Gouldson, A., Kerr, N. (2015). The impacts of household retrofit and domestic energy efficiency schemes: A large scale, ex post evaluation. Energy Policy, 84, 35-43</p> <p>Welsh Assembly Government. (2010). Fuel Poverty Strategy 2010. Welsh Assembly Government. Available at: <a href="https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-06/fuel-poverty-strategy.pdf">https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-06/fuel-poverty-strategy.pdf</a>  </p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Gouveia, J.P. and Mahoney, K. (2021) Cold homes during the winter period in the UK. <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 09 Sep 2021 14:24:41 +0000 ute.dubois 249 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/cold-homes-during-winter-period-uk#comments Energy Poverty in Sweden http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-sweden <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Energy Poverty in Sweden</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/von-platten-jenny" hreflang="en">von Platten Jenny</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Wed, 06/30/2021 - 08:28</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/141" hreflang="en">Division of Built Environment, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/142" hreflang="en">Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University (Sweden)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-30T12:00:00Z">2021.06.30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/28" hreflang="en">Health</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/51" hreflang="en">Buildings</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/78" hreflang="en">Energy vulnerability</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-09/von%20Platten_2021_Energy%20poverty%20in%20Sweden_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=417169" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">von Platten (2021) Energy poverty in Sweden. EP-pedia</a></span><span class="file-size">407.39 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Policy perspective on energy poverty</strong></h2> <p>In the Swedish policy landscape, there is a reluctance towards using the term energy poverty as authorities and politicians do not consider this issue to be relevant in the Swedish context. The reason for this is briefly stated in the Swedish national Long-Term Renovation Strategy, in which the EU commission requests a description of the status on energy poverty in Sweden:</p> <p>“<em>Sweden does not differentiate energy poverty from poverty in general, and the term energy poverty is therefore not used. The issue is handled within the social politics and there are no measures specifically targeting energy poverty.” (Ministry of Infrastructure, 2020)</em></p> <p>This rhetoric is consistent in all policy documents mentioning energy poverty. To the author’s knowledge, the first, and most comprehensive, public document on energy poverty was written in 2015 by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI). FOI has a long tradition of studying national matters of energy and security and owing to the increased recognition of energy poverty within the EU, FOI investigated what energy poverty could entail in a Swedish context on behalf of the Swedish Energy Agency (FOI, 2015). According to the report, energy poverty as defined in many other EU member states was not thought to be present in Sweden owing to the strong social support system, covering costs for adequate warmth and other household- and energy-related demands, including accommodation, for low-income and other vulnerable groups (Johansson et al., 2015). More so, there are regulations regarding energy disconnections where energy suppliers are obliged to contact social services before disconnecting energy supply to customers who have arrears on their energy bills.</p> <p>FOI also stress the strong correlation between protecting vulnerable energy consumers and securing long- and short-term energy supply as severe situations of energy deficit, causing prices to increase drastically, would disproportionally burden vulnerable households. Consequently, they argue that a strategy for securing energy supply is an important measure to limit potential energy poverty and protect vulnerable customers. This is a balancing act between building more capacity in the energy infrastructure, which will lead to generally higher energy prices for households, but fewer price peaks caused by limited supply, and relying on demand-side flexibility, which might exclude vulnerable households from demanding energy at times when demand is exceeding supply (Johansson et al., 2015). It is clear that both generally higher energy prices as well as particularly high energy prices at peak demand might worsen the situation for households that are vulnerable to energy poverty – either by limiting their overall energy use or by restricting their energy use at certain times. Yet, in an ongoing project on how to regulate tariffs on the electric grid for optimised grid capacity led by the Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate, little recognition is directed towards vulnerable households, despite preliminary analyses showing that changed tariffs are likely to significantly increase the electricity costs for residents living in apartments (Carlsson et al., 2020) – the part of the housing stock where the highest share of low-income earners are found.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on energy poverty</strong></h2> <p>As Swedish authorities have not recognised energy poverty as an issue among Swedish households, research on energy poverty is close to non-existent. Although there is research in Sweden on how buildings’ energy use and indoor environment affect the health and well-being of residents, such research has never been conducted within the theoretical framework of energy poverty. For studies on indicators and characterisation of energy poverty in a Swedish context, it is thus necessary to turn to research that has been conducted outside of Sweden.</p> <p>According to analyses by the EU Energy Poverty Observatory on Eurostat survey data, the share of households unable to keep their home adequately warm in Sweden has been estimated to 2.3% in 2018 (<em>EPOV</em>, 2020). While this confirms and supports the low level of consideration regarding energy poverty in Sweden, it also reveals that there are households in Sweden who suggestibly are energy poor without being recognised as such. Although the social support system is likely to facilitate the situation for many energy-vulnerable households, the coping mechanisms and social implications among households not receiving support remain an overlooked area of research in the Swedish context. As knowledge on the situation of energy poor or energy vulnerable households in Sweden is very limited, there is a risk that many households are carrying unrecognised burdens that lack targeted remedies.</p> <p>More so, a low prevalence of the type of energy poverty that is recognised in other countries does not imply lower burdens for the affected households, nor does it exclude the prevalence of context-specific forms of energy poverty in Sweden. In terms of burdens from energy poverty, research has shown that the greatest prevalence of poor health in energy poor populations is found in countries with low occurrence of energy poverty; generally coinciding with low levels of economic inequality (Thomson et al., 2017). This can be seen in Figure 1(a-d), where poor self-reported health status (SRH) and poor emotional well-being in energy poor populations are the highest in countries with low prevalence of energy poverty, such as Sweden, Slovenia and the Netherlands. These results indicate that Sweden, a country with high levels of equality and income, should not be assumed to be spared from severe impacts from energy poverty; although chances are the low prevalence of energy poverty makes the overlap between energy poor households and households in extreme poverty rather large.</p> <p>In terms of context-specific forms of energy poverty, it has been suggested that the relatively frequent power cuts in some parts of Sweden, the north in particular (Breivik &amp; Kamb, 2017), can be interpreted as a form of energy poverty (BUILD2LC, 2017). In anticipation of frequent power cuts, many households keep emergency kits (BUILD2LC, 2017) and are incentivised to add additional insulation in order to keep their home warm for longer during power cuts (Breivik &amp; Kamb, 2017). This relates to FOI’s discussion on the importance of secure energy supply to limit vulnerability to energy poverty.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-06/Figure%201.png?itok=u3I1KJ3e" width="1200" height="642" alt="Figure 1" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Figure 1(a-d)</strong>. Line graphs showing the prevalence of (a) poor SRH rates and (c) poor emotional well-being among the energy poor and non-energy poor populations across 32 European countries, and scatterplots of energy poverty rates and differences in (b) poor SRH rates and (d) poor emotional well-being between energy poor and non-energy poor populations across 32 European countries (Thomson et al., 2017).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Characteristics of the housing stock and vulnerabilities to energy poverty</strong></h2> <p>Besides a strong social support system, two of the main reasons why energy poverty has remained limited in Sweden are the comparatively well-insulated and energy efficient housing stock and the use of “warm rent” in the multifamily building stock. Warm rent means that heating costs are included in the rent as a fixed component that is independent of households’ actual energy use for heating. Consequently, heating costs are uncontrollable as well as invisible for households living in multifamily buildings, and this is by many considered one of the main reasons as to why it is possible to claim that there is no energy poverty in the Swedish multifamily building stock (<em>Sveriges Allmännytta</em>, 2021).</p> <p>The use of warm rent is predominantly endorsed within the Swedish housing industry as it puts the economic incentives for improved energy performance of the building on the landlord, who, unlike the tenants, is in a position to make energy efficiency investments in the building (Nordstrand et al., 2019). Many consider the potential for energy savings from such investments in energy retrofits and energy efficiency measures to be greater than the energy savings that would be achieved from shifting the economic incentives to reduce energy use onto the tenants (Nordstrand et al., 2019).</p> <p>However, incentivising energy savings in tenants’ day-to-day energy-related behaviour, such as lowered indoor temperatures and reduced manual ventilation through opening of windows, is an important part of the EUs strategy for reduced energy use in the building stock. Consequently, directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency requires energy for heating to be metered and billed individually for every household, and the EU has requested changes in Swedish regulation on billing and metering of energy for heating for many years. After a long time of Sweden pushing back and arguing for the energy performance benefits of the current system with warm rents, an agreement was finally settled between Sweden and the EU commission in 2019 deciding that individual metering and billing of energy for heating should be required in the worst-performing multifamily buildings. The regulation will be enforced in July 2021.</p> <p>Almost exclusively, it is in relation to this policy that energy poverty has been discussed in the Swedish public debate, as many stakeholders feared that introducing individual metering and billing of energy for heating would also introduce energy poverty in the Swedish multifamily building stock (Hyresgästföreningen, 2019; Nordstrand et al., 2019; Wiederholm et al., 2020). Although there are other factors still limiting energy poverty, the new regulation is likely to create a new group of households vulnerable to the state of energy poverty in Sweden. The regulation demands individual metering and billing of energy for heating in buildings where energy performance is particularly low, i.e. where energy demand is particularly high, and where we also find an over-representation of low-income households (von Platten et al., 2020). This means that the warm rent that historically has acted as a protector against energy poverty will be removed in the part of the multifamily building stock where vulnerability to energy poverty is among the highest. The effects of this new regulation will have to be evaluated further on. Figure 2 shows the income distribution of residents affected by the new regulation, and it can be seen that low-income households are disproportionally affected in general, and that the lowest income decile is particularly affected. The figure also shows information regarding the average living space per capita (size of circles) and the average energy use per capita (colour of circles), limited to energy use for heating, domestic hot water and ventilation. It can thus be seen that the low-income households being put at a new risk for energy poverty in the name of reducing energy use are households living on a relatively small area per person and having relatively low per capita energy use.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-06/Figure%202.png?itok=Y2W14wpJ" width="1200" height="973" alt="Figure 2" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Figure 2</strong>. Number of residents in different income deciles living in buildings affected by the new regulation regarding individual metering and billing of energy for heating (von Platten et al., 2020).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>In the single-family housing stock, where 52% of the Swedish population resides (SCB, 2019), incomes are generally higher than in the multifamily building stock and energy performance tends to be higher as well (IVA, 2012) partly owing to a substantial deployment of heat pumps over the past decades. The energy performance of single-family houses, multifamily buildings and commercial buildings can be seen in Figure 3. Had it not been for warm rent still dominating in the multifamily building stock, a general conclusion could thus have been that the vulnerability to energy poverty would be higher in the multifamily building stock than in the single-family housing stock. Nevertheless, the strong protection against energy poverty that still remains in the multifamily building stock makes the general vulnerability to energy poverty higher in the single-family housing stock.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-06/Figure%203.png?itok=DdmTpDHH" width="1200" height="753" alt="Figure 3" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Figure 3</strong>. Development of energy use for heating per square meter in different building categories in Sweden between 1995-2009 (IVA, 2012).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Increasing energy prices since the start of the 21st century in combination with increasing economic inequalities and an ageing population are factors that have increased the share of households that are vulnerable to energy poverty in the single-family housing stock. While the increasing energy prices are being debated, the increasing risk for energy poverty is rarely recognised, with very few exceptions (<em>Aktuell Hållbarhet</em>, 2014).</p> <p>Although insufficient to capture the complexity of energy poverty, analysis of the share of heating costs of disposable income in different household types is shown in Figure 4. The figure is based on deductions of official statistics and should primarily be viewed as indicative results of the vulnerability to energy poverty among the household types (von Platten, 2019). Using the double median, a preliminary limit for energy poverty in Swedish single-family houses is set to 7.6% of disposable income being spent on energy for heating, as the median in 2017 was 3.8% (von Platten, 2019). This limit is shown by the dotted line in Figure 4. It can be seen that based on this indicator of energy poverty, it is primarily single households of persons over 65 years old that appear to be particularly vulnerable to energy poverty, although single households aged 18-64 years old are close to the limit as well. Further division of single parents based on age and gender shows that single mothers aged 18-29 years old surpass the limit as well (von Platten, 2019).</p> <p>As it is well known from the literature that elderly, single households and single parents tend to be vulnerable to energy poverty, the most prominent result from Figure 4 is perhaps the high increase in heating costs’ share of disposable income among single households between 2015 and 2017, and particularly among single households aged 65 and above. This development confirms that vulnerability to energy poverty is increasing among certain household groups in Sweden.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-06/Figure%204.png?itok=vYt6nROL" width="1200" height="730" alt="Figure 4" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Figure 4</strong>. Heating costs’ share of disposable income in different household types. The dotted line marks the double median of heating costs’ share of disposable income in Sweden (von Platten, 2019).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Future challenges that may cause new vulnerabilities to energy poverty</strong></h2> <p>While energy poverty might be understudied and perhaps underestimated by Swedish authorities, it remains a fact that the prevalence of energy poverty is relatively low in Sweden when compared to other European countries. Nevertheless, changes in climate and energy systems are likely to aggravate existing energy-related inequalities and create unforeseen issues connected to energy poverty. The phase-out of nuclear power along with development of intermittent energy production will continue to increase the reliance on demand-side flexibility, which inevitably will raise questions of who is able to use energy and when. Indeed, there is a need for more research mapping the characteristics of current and future vulnerabilities to energy poverty in Sweden.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Aktuell Hållbarhet. (2014). ”Svenska hushåll nära energifattigdom”.  <a href="https://www.aktuellhallbarhet.se/miljo/energi/svenska-hushall-nara-energifattigdom/">https://www.aktuellhallbarhet.se/miljo/energi/svenska-hushall-nara-energifattigdom/</a></p> <p>Breivik, M., &amp; Kamb, A. (2017). Sverige har minst energifattigdom i Europa – men utmaningar med energiförsörjning <a href="https://www.regionjh.se/nyheter/pressmeddelanden/gamlapressmeddelanden3ar/gamlapressmeddelanden/sverigeharminstenergifattigdomieuropamenutmaningarmedenergiforsorjning.5.411f518f15cadaa5c0d6a69c.html">https://www.regionjh.se/nyheter/pressmeddelanden/gamlapressmeddelanden3ar/gamlapressmeddelanden/sverigeharminstenergifattigdomieuropamenutmaningarmedenergiforsorjning.5.411f518f15cadaa5c0d6a69c.html</a></p> <p>BUILD2LC. (2017). New Energy Culture, Citizen Involvement and energy poverty: Topic Report - Gloucester, 30th September 2017. <a href="https://www.interregeurope.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_tevprojects/library/file_1543312812.pdf">https://www.interregeurope.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_tevprojects/library/file_1543312812.pdf</a></p> <p>Carlsson, J., Lundgren, J., Kaplin, S., Widman, M., &amp; Karlsson, T. (2020). Elnätstariffer för ett effektivt nätutnyttjande -  Principiella val för utformningen av nättariffer (Ei PM2020:06). <a href="https://www.ei.se/sv/Publikationer/Rapporter-och-PM/rapporter-2020/pm-elnatstariffer-for-ett-effektivt-natutnyttjande-principiella-val-for-utformningen-av-nattariffer/">https://www.ei.se/sv/Publikationer/Rapporter-och-PM/rapporter-2020/pm-elnatstariffer-for-ett-effektivt-natutnyttjande-principiella-val-for-utformningen-av-nattariffer/</a></p> <p>EPOV. (2020). Member State Report Sweden. <a href="https://www.energypoverty.eu/sites/default/files/downloads/observatory-documents/20-06/extended_member_state_report_-_sweden.pdf">https://www.energypoverty.eu/sites/default/files/downloads/observatory-documents/20-06/extended_member_state_report_-_sweden.pdf</a></p> <p>FOI. (2015). ”FOI studerar energifattigdom”. <a href="https://www.foi.se/nyheter-och-press/nyheter/2015-11-04-foi-studerar-energifattigdom.html">https://www.foi.se/nyheter-och-press/nyheter/2015-11-04-foi-studerar-energifattigdom.html</a></p> <p>Hyresgästföreningen. (2019). Remissvar:  Förbättrat genomförande av direktivet om energieffektivitet – Individuell   mätning av värme och tappvarmvatten i befintlig bebyggelse. <a href="https://www.hyresgastforeningen.se/globalassets/faktabanken/remissvar/2019/forbattrat-genomforande-av-eu-direktivet-om-energieffektivitet---individuell-matning-av-varme-och-tappvarmvatten-i-befintlig-bebyggelse.pdf">https://www.hyresgastforeningen.se/globalassets/faktabanken/remissvar/2019/forbattrat-genomforande-av-eu-direktivet-om-energieffektivitet---individuell-matning-av-varme-och-tappvarmvatten-i-befintlig-bebyggelse.pdf</a></p> <p>IVA. (2012). Energieffektivisering av Sveriges flerbostadshus: Hinder och möjligheter att nå en halverad energianvändning till 2050 (IVA-R 469). IVA. <a href="https://www.iva.se/globalassets/rapporter/ett-energieffektivt-samhalle/201206-iva-energieffektivisering-rapport1-f1.pdf">https://www.iva.se/globalassets/rapporter/ett-energieffektivt-samhalle/201206-iva-energieffektivisering-rapport1-f1.pdf</a></p> <p>Johansson, B., Jonsson, D. K., Veibäck, E., &amp; Mittermaier, E. (2015). Energifattigdom, försörjningstrygghet och offentligt agerande (FOI-R--4020--SE). FOI. <a href="https://www.foi.se/rapportsammanfattning?reportNo=FOI-R--4020--SE">https://www.foi.se/rapportsammanfattning?reportNo=FOI-R--4020--SE</a></p> <p>Nordstrand, A., Lennebo, R., Linder, M., Lago, A., &amp; Linde, L. (2019). ”Nobba EU-kraven på våra bostäder”. Svenska Dagbladet. <a href="https://www.svd.se/nobba-eu-kraven-pa-vara-bostader">https://www.svd.se/nobba-eu-kraven-pa-vara-bostader</a></p> <p>Ministry of Infrastructure. (2020). Sveriges tredje nationella strategi för energieffektiviserande renovering. <a href="https://www.regeringen.se/495d4b/contentassets/b6499271ac374526b9aa6f5e944b0472/sveriges-tredje-nationella-strategi-for-energieffektiviserande-renovering.pdf">https://www.regeringen.se/495d4b/contentassets/b6499271ac374526b9aa6f5e944b0472/sveriges-tredje-nationella-strategi-for-energieffektiviserande-renovering.pdf</a></p> <p>SCB. (2019). “Swedish residences”. Statistics Sweden <a href="https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/manniskorna-i-sverige/boende-i-sverige/">https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/manniskorna-i-sverige/boende-i-sverige/</a></p> <p>Sveriges Allmännytta. (2021). ”Energy Efficiency”.  <a href="https://www.sverigesallmannytta.se/in-english/energy-efficiency/">https://www.sverigesallmannytta.se/in-english/energy-efficiency/</a></p> <p>Thomson, H., Snell, C., &amp; Bouzarovski, S. (2017). Health, Well-Being and Energy Poverty in Europe: A Comparative Study of 32 European Countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(6), 584. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060584">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060584</a></p> <p>von Platten, J. (2019). Forskningsrapport 4: Energifattigdom i Sverige.</p> <p>von Platten, J., Mangold, M., &amp; Mjörnell, K. (2020). Energy inequality as a risk in socio-technical energy transitions: The Swedish case of individual metering and billing of energy for heating. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 588, 032015. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/588/3/032015">https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/588/3/032015</a></p> <p>Wiederholm, J., von Platten, J., &amp; Mangold, M. (2020). ”Fattiga kan tvingas välja bort värme”. Svenska Dagbladet. <a href="https://www.svd.se/fattiga-kan-tvingas-valja-bort-varme">https://www.svd.se/fattiga-kan-tvingas-valja-bort-varme</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>von Platten, J. (2021) Energy poverty in Sweden. <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 30 Jun 2021 08:28:40 +0000 ute.dubois 247 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-sweden#comments Perspectives on Energy Poverty in Turkey http://www.eppedia.eu/article/perspectives-energy-poverty-turkey <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Perspectives on Energy Poverty in Turkey</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/ucal-meltem" hreflang="en">Ucal Meltem</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 05/10/2021 - 10:04</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/138" hreflang="en">Department of Economics, Center for Energy and Sustainable Development, Kadir Has University (Türkiye)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field 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class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Definition</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-05/Ucal_2021_Perspectives%20on%20energy%20poverty%20in%20Turkey_EP-pedia%20website.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=151125" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Ucal_2021_Perspectives on EP in Turkey_EP-pedia website</a></span><span class="file-size">147.58 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on energy poverty in the policy debate</strong></h2> <p>Given the fact that energy poverty started to be discussed in the UK at the end of 1970s, Turkey is considered to have recently joined this debate mostly through academia, energy experts and union of chambers of Turkish engineers. In 2012, the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB) reported that energy poverty arose as an urban problem in Turkey. According to Seyhan Erdoğdu, who made a presentation in the 8th Energy Symposium held by TMMOB, energy poverty has gradually become prevalent in Turkey and the most important problem in Turkey is the lack of sufficient affordable electricity. Therefore, she emphasized the importance of the welfare system and publicity on this subject in Turkey (TMMOB 8th Energy Symposium, 2012).</p> <p>In 2015, Barış Sanlı, who is an energy expert from Bilkent University Energy Policies Research Center, and others argued that Turkey's first action should be building a framework on the subject of energy poverty (Sanlı et al., 2015). According to him, the first task being to determine energy poverty criteria so as to gain insight into the characteristics of the energy poor. Since the criteria for being identified as energy/fuel poor have not yet been determined in Turkey and since official statistics regarding energy poverty situation in Turkey are published by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) in compliance with the EU definitions of energy poverty, a future framework for targeting/identifying energy-poor people might rest on low-income groups and those who have green cards, which are used by deprived people who have no social insurance and adequate income. The green card enables people to access to health services (Cumhuriyet newspaper, 2019) with energy consumption below a certain threshold. Those who are poor and have no insurance can benefit from the green card system under the condition that these people provide evidence about their income to the government (The Council of Europe, n.d.). Besides his suggestions, Sanlı et al. (2015) highlights that law should become prominent in drawing a legal framework in the country.</p> <p>At this point, Sanlı et al. (2015) mention the importance of setting an objective for energy poverty policies. The main questions relevant in doing so are related to identifying the beneficiaries of energy poverty policies, combining energy poverty measures with other policies and types of energy to be included in the framework (Sanlı et al., 2015). According to Sanlı et al.’s (2015) argument, subsidies should not be given to those who need energy assistance for more than two years and it should be targeted that these people will break their way out of energy poverty in the meantime. The main objective should be to lower the number of people who need energy assistance instead of focusing on managing energy poverty in the long run</p> <p>While considering how to subsidize energy use for those who need it, village schools and hospitals might also be included in this framework because these are the public buildings that are currently most used by the population. Choosing the right schools and hospitals for these subsidies is essential, so it is important to filter based on very low-income regions. In some of these regions, there are students who cannot do their homework because they are cold or who cannot listen to their teachers at schools. Such situations put low-income students at a disadvantage in their educational development. In addition, there are also patients who are not income-poor but have to maintain his/her life with a respiratory equipment (Sanlı et al., 2015). Therefore, according to them, these people, though not income-poor, need more energy and thereby, are regarded as vulnerable customers in Turkey. Since Regulation of the Customer Service does not define who are vulnerable to energy poverty in Turkey, they think that “vulnerable customers” who are subscribed to electricity and natural gas would be better to be defined by authorities in this regulation.</p> <p>An energy poverty framework that is integrated into the existing policies in energy and other domains will be much more successful than frameworks that are not. For instance, after providing some coal in one year, government could provide necessary materials for insulation to those who need energy at their homes following year. But the basic problem is to respond to the question about which energy sources will be supported. Is it electricity, coal or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)? Thus, the Turkish energy poverty debate should focus on the following topics:</p> <ul> <li>Drawing an ‘energy poverty’ framework;</li> <li>Deciding the groups which cost the most to the health sector in cold periods from among who are ill and elderly in terms of adequate heating;</li> <li>Including schools and hospitals, which are used by the groups mentioned above;</li> <li>Creating action plans to help energy-poor people escape from energy poverty problems (through energy efficiency support programmes);</li> <li>Monitoring the energy poverty support system through quantitative and surveys and finally,</li> <li>Calculating the efficacy of government fuel allowances on total public expenditures which consist of all of the expenditures made by the government and in this way, deciding on the continuation of the program mentioned in previous steps by the policymakers in the country (Sanlı et al., 2015).</li> </ul> <p>In 2017, Turkey’s The Economic Policy Research Foundation (TEPAV) reported on energy dialogue between the European Union and Turkey again emphasized the importance of the topic of energy poverty (Vladimirov and Ozenc , 2017). The EU and Turkey have closely intertwined energy policies regarding common energy security positions and challenges, so it is valuable to create policy synergy and deeper integration between the two areas. The report, prepared in coordination with Center for the Study of Democracy and Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), characterized energy poverty as a “wide-spread phenomenon” even while living standards had substantially improved since the early 2000s. The European Union provides some measures such as the promotion of energy efficiency and social benefits for vulnerable groups in order to deal with high levels of energy poverty. Energy poverty can stem from low levels of energy security. Turkey’s energy consumption has increased in the last decade due to expansion of its economic performance and to increasing population. Therefore, it is predicted that the country’s supply of natural gas may shorten in the future due to increased demand. Therefore, careful policies and rigorous implementation will be required to avoid sharp increases in energy poverty. Otherwise, Turkey will experience energy poverty as a top energy security risk in the region with its pervasive political and economic implications (Vladimirov and Ozenc, 2017).</p> <p>The Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB, 2019, p.25) argues that an increase in energy efficiency measures leads to a decline in household energy spending levels. This is especially the case for CEB target countries, including Turkey. They estimate that the same increase in energy efficiency measures (energy efficiency index) leads to 1.15% decrease in energy spending levels in these countries, and to a 0.21% decline in energy poverty rates, which is measured by the percentage of people who cannot keep their home adequately warm.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on energy poverty</strong></h2> <p><strong>Quantification of Energy Poverty in Turkey</strong></p> <p>Anadolu Agency (2014) reported that Turkey’s then energy minister highlighted the importance of efficient energy use for eliminating the problem of energy poverty. According to the report, Turkey has a potential for saving up to $15 billion each year in its energy bills. However, the country still has a long way to go. Adopting policies that help develop wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal and cleaner biomass resources such as agricultural wastes (Calik, 2019) for the country is especially important to reducing the risk of energy poverty.</p> <p>The 2017 TEPAV report estimates (Vladimirov and Ozenc, 2017: 8) that over 40% of Turkey’s population are energy-poor and more than 50% still use wood and solid fuels so as to heat their homes. In part due this combustion of fossil fuels, Turkey has the worst air pollution levels among all OECD countries. Though they do not define energy poverty explicitly, they approach this issue in terms of “uninterrupted availability of energy resources sufficient to meet energy consumption demand at affordable prices” (TEPAV, 2017: 23). Energy security, energy poverty and energy dependency are the terms, which are used inter-relatedly. Focusing on energy efficiency and on developing alternatives to the inefficient fuels that predominate in energy poor households are very important options in the sense that they may lead to lower energy prices or at least check the rise of them. In this way, energy security risks for Turkey in the future can be reduced. Delivering clean, competitive and secure energy can all be aligned with these options.</p> <p>In addition to the data above, Eurostat data also shows energy poverty situation of Turkey compared to the other countries in the European Union and Euro Area. In the EU, the percentage of population living in homes unable to keep their home adequately warm ranges from 0.3% to 30.1% with only 4 out of 33 EU or Euro Area countries having higher rates of Turkey in 2019. In 2006, the percentage of population living in homes unable to keep their home adequately warm ranges from 0.6% to 69.5% in EU or Euro Area countries with only 2 out of 29 countries having higher rates than Turkey. EUROSTAT (2020) data refer to income situation in relation to the risk of poverty threshold and show the development of poverty and social inclusion in the EU as well as in Turkey. Data for Turkey are available starting in 2006. The reason for showing the data for both Turkey and some of the EU countries is because we would like to highlight the fact that there is really a huge difference between these countries and Turkey in terms of percentage of energy poverty. On the other hand, energy poverty levels in Greece are quite like Turkey’s energy poverty levels. For instance, in 2019, the percentage of population unable to keep home adequately warm by poverty status was 17.9% in Greece while the percentage of population unable to keep home adequately warm was 19.2% in Turkey in the same year. It is also important to note that Turkey’s percentage of energy poverty, defined as the inability to keep home adequately warm, is lower than that of Bulgaria. For example, while this percentage was 30.1% in Bulgaria in 2019, the percentage was 19.2% in Turkey for the same year.</p> <p>There are also books, articles, reports and blogs outside of Turkey which include Turkey in their discussions of the issue of energy poverty. They also refer concrete policies to deal with the problem. A list of studies follows.</p> <ul> <li>Atiyas et al. (2012) point out that the reasons behind the problems of energy poverty and affordability in Turkey are unequal distribution of income and regional dimensions of this inequality. They emphasize the importance of a direct policy to solve energy poverty and affordability issues. They also argue that tackling energy poverty through cross subsidies across consumer groups is not efficient because income inequality is very high in Turkey and any upward adjustment in prices affects poor households. In the context of the implementation of electricity prices, cross subsidy is bearing some or all the cost for an activity, region or subscriber group by other activities, regions or subscriber groups.</li> <li>Bouzarovski et al. (2012) touch on the status of Turkey about energy poverty. According to this, Turkey gained the status of ‘observers’ in the Energy Community Treaty together with Norway and Georgia.</li> <li>Thomson et al. (2017) examine the relationship between health, well-being and energy poverty for 32 European countries, including Turkey. It was found that Turkey was among the countries with the highest prevalence of poor emotional well-being; in addition, the energy-poor population in these countries (including Turkey) have higher prevalence of poor well-being compared to non-energy poor population.</li> <li>In the blog of International Master programme in Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility by the university of Escuela de Organizacion Industrial (EOI), it is pointed out measures and policies about energy poverty in Europe. The blog points out that energy poverty significantly affects the south east of Europe, including Turkey. Proposed measures and policies can be divided into four categories. These are energy efficiency measures, information and awareness campaigns, financial interventions and additional consumer protection methods (Young, 2017).</li> </ul> <p>In the first part of this section, I reviewed the issue with relevant data, and I included Bouzarovski et al.’s (2012) and Thomson et al. ’s (2017) articles because their studies informed the readers about Turkey from abroad. Unfortunately, academic studies and national reports on energy poverty written in Turkey are limited. The paragraphs below summarize the research that is available.</p> <p>Kaygusuz (2011) examines energy services and energy poverty problems for sustainable rural development in developing countries, including in Turkey. The author defines energy poverty as “the absence of commercially supplied energy in a society”. The article mentioned that rural households in many countries, including Turkey, still use wood and other biomass fuels for their activities. The role of women in collecting and managing traditional fuels in these areas – and therefore the need to include a special focus on women in energy access programs – is especially highlighted in the article.</p> <p>It is worth considering Emeç et al.’s (2015) article since it focuses directly on energy poverty and analyses it for the first time in Turkey. Though an official definition for energy poverty does not exist in Turkey, the authors approached this issue within the context of household energy preferences. They establish a relationship between poverty and access to modern energy sources that are clean, sufficient and economic. According to their article, low-income people cannot reach modern energy sources. Qualified energy consumption (e.g., consuming clean, affordable, and sustainable energy sources) is associated with active, efficient and fair energy policies. Their argument is also notable in the context of raising awareness for energy efficiency policies, thereby renewable energy sources and energy justice.</p> <p>Eke (2018) discusses the importance of energy and energy poverty in the world, including Turkey. He also touches on the methods, which will be used in measuring energy poverty in the literature. He emphasizes the importance of low levels of income, energy inefficiency and rise of unit prices in energy as the main determinants of energy poverty as well as some problems which will be emerged as a result of energy poverty. He also examines social policies and intervention methods to alleviate energy poverty and emphasizes the importance of energy poverty in the context of Millennium Development Goals. In addition, case studies about energy poverty from various countries, including Turkey, appear in the book.</p> <p>Selcuk and Koktas (2018) estimate that in 2016, 22.3% of households in Turkey had heating issues in their homes, and that 24.2% of households could afford energy bills in 2016. These estimates were based on TURKSTAT Household Budget Surveys and were found to be nearly three times the level of the corresponding averages across the EU based on EU Income and Living Condition Surveys. and defined energy poverty regarding household energy consumption or inadequate warmth at homes. Their main aim is to point out energy poverty in Turkey and raise awareness for the need to tackle with this issue by comparing Turkey’s data with the EU countries.</p> <p>Kose (2019) examines the relationship between energy poverty and health using Turkish Statistical Institute's (TURKSTAT) nationally representative household survey data (i.e. Income and Living Conditions Survey) for 2014. The results suggest that health level of individuals is negatively affected by energy poverty in the country. In addition, physical deficiencies such as leaking roofs, damp walls etc. and insulation problems in houses negatively affect individual health status. It is also suggested that demographics and household-level factors have the main impact on individual health status rather than regional-level variables.</p> <p>Selcuk et al. (2019) examine the issue of energy poverty in Turkey. Their results suggest that about one-quarter of households are energy-poor in Turkey and nearly half of the households are at risk of facing energy poverty. They also found that household energy poverty decreased from 2003 to 2017.</p> <p>The Natural Gas Distribution Companies Association of Turkey explains what energy poverty is and refers to some data on energy poverty in the world and in Turkey. According to this report, TUIK states that housing and energy consumptions have decreased over time in Turkey. For instance, while households spent 29% of their income for housing and energy expenditures in 2008, they spent 24.8% of their total income for housing and energy expenditures in 2014. In other words, there is an improvement in these expenditures by 4.2%.</p> <p>According to the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, Turkey should decide whether to use traditionally used energy sources such as coal, wood, etc. or not. Renewable energy is called out as a more economically sustainable and less financial risky energy source. Since coal creates high levels of air pollution, renewable energy is also better for the environment and public health. Moreover, renewable energy can also alleviate energy poverty through the convergence of demand for capacity of energy use. Since the authors found that Turkey has not invested in renewable energy enough, their report also warns Turkey that the country may miss the opportunity to achieve energy transformation (Yenigün Dilek and Schlissel, 2016). Therefore the country needs to adapt to global energy transformation as done by China, India, and other emerging economies.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Anadolu Agency. (2014). Turkish minister: Efficient use prevents ‘energy poverty’. <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/archive/turkish-minister-efficient-use-prevents-energy-poverty/159947">https://www.aa.com.tr/en/archive/turkish-minister-efficient-use-prevents-energy-poverty/159947</a>.</p> <p>Atiyas, I., Çetin, T., &amp; Gulen, G. (2012). <em>Reforming Turkish energy markets: political economy, regulation and competition in the search for energy policy</em>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media.</p> <p>Bouzarovski, S., Petrova, S., &amp; Sarlamanov, R. (2012). Energy poverty policies in the EU: A critical perspective. <em>Energy Policy</em>, <em>49</em>, 76-82.</p> <p>Cumhuriyet newspaper. (2019). Yeşil Kart’a kimler sahip olabilir, nasıl çıkartılır ? <a href="https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/yesil-karta-kimler-sahip-olabilir-nasil-cikartilir-1572942">https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/yesil-karta-kimler-sahip-olabilir-nasil-cikartilir-1572942</a> [in Turkish].</p> <p>Calik, E.S. (2019). Turkey focuses on biomass from agricultural waste. Anadolu Agency. <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/renewable/turkey-focuses-on-biomass-from-agricultural-waste/27346">https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/renewable/turkey-focuses-on-biomass-from-agricultural-waste/27346</a></p> <p>Eke, E. (2018). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu. Tokat: Taşhan Kitap Yayınları. [book in Turkish].</p> <p>Emeç, H., Altay, A., Aslanpay, E., &amp; Özdemir, M. O. (2015). Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Enerji Tercihi Profili. <em>Finans Politik &amp; Ekonomik Yorumlar</em>, <em>52</em>(608), 9-13. [in Turkish].</p> <p>EUROSTAT. (2020). Population unable to keep home adequately warm by poverty status: % of population. Eurostat Data Browser. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_07_60/default/table?lang=en">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_07_60/default/table?lang=en</a>. Accessed 22 November 2020.</p> <p>Kaygusuz, K. (2011). Energy services and energy poverty for sustainable rural development. <em>Renewable and sustainable energy reviews</em>, <em>15</em>(2), 936-947.</p> <p>Kose, T. (2019). Energy poverty and health: The Turkish case. <em>Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy</em>, <em>14</em>(5), 201-213.</p> <p>Köktaş, A., &amp; Selçuk, I. Ş. (2018). AB ve Türkiye'de Enerji Yoksulluğu. <em>Politik Ekonomik Kuram</em>, <em>2</em>(2), 95-108. [in Turkish]. </p> <p>Natural Gas Distribution Companies Association of Turkey (not dated). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu Görünümü. <a href="https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Dunyada_ve_Turkiye_de_Enerji_Yoksullugu_Gorunumu.pdf">https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Dunyada_ve_Turkiye_de_Enerji_Yoksullugu_Gorunumu.pdf</a>. Accessed 22 November 2020.[in Turkish].</p> <p>Sanlı, B., Dönmez, F. and Alanyalı, M. (2015). Türkiye Bağlamında Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Kırılgan Tüketici. <a href="http://www.barissanli.com/calismalar/2015/bsanli-donmez-alanyali-enerjiyoksullugu.pdf.">http://www.barissanli.com/calismalar/2015/bsanli-donmez-alanyali-enerjiyoksullugu.pdf.</a> Accessed 18 November 2020. [in Turkish].</p> <p>Selçuk, I. Ş., Gölçek, A. G., &amp; Köktaş, A. M. (2019). Energy Poverty in Turkey. <em>Sosyoekonomi</em>, <em>27</em>.</p> <p>The Council of Europe. (n.d.). Introduction of The Social Security System in Turkey. Online Document. <a href="https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent">https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent</a>? documentId=0900001680599155.</p> <p>The Council of Europe Development Bank. (2019). Energy Poverty in Europe: How Energy Efficiency and Renewables Can Help. <em>CEB Studies</em>, March 2019.</p> <p>Thomson, H., Snell, C., &amp; Bouzarovski, S. (2017). Health, well-being and energy poverty in Europe: A comparative study of 32 European countries. <em>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</em>, <em>14</em>(6), 584.</p> <p>TMMOB. (2012). Küresel Enerji Politikaları ve Türkiye. TMMOB 8. Enerji Sempozyumu. <a href="https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/dfde5f81bd3bd41_ek.pdf%20%5bin">https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/dfde5f81bd3bd41_ek.pdf [in</a> Turkish].</p> <p>Vladimirov, M. &amp; Ozenc, B. (2017). Towards a Stronger EU-Turkey Energy Dialogue Energy Security Perspectives &amp; Risks. The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey. <a href="https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1502195410-7.Towards_a_Stronger_EU__Turkey_Energy_Dialogue_Energy_Security_Perspectives_and_Risks.pdf">https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1502195410-7.Towards_a_Stronger_EU__Turkey_Energy_Dialogue_Energy_Security_Perspectives_and_Risks.pdf</a> Accessed 20 November 2020.</p> <p>Yenigün-Dilek, P., &amp; Schlissel, D. (2016). Turkey at a crossroads: Invest in the old energy economy or the new. <em>IEEFA-Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis</em>.</p> <p>Young, J. (2017). Energy Poverty in Europe: Measures and Policies. IMSD International Master in Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility. <a href="https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/energy-poverty-in-europe-measures-and-policies/">https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/energy-poverty-in-europe-measures-and-policies/</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Ucal, M. (2021) Perspectives on Energy Poverty in Turkey, EP-pedia Website</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 10 May 2021 10:04:17 +0000 ute.dubois 245 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/perspectives-energy-poverty-turkey#comments Energy efficiency of the housing stock in Turkey: the links between energy efficiency and energy poverty http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-efficiency-housing-stock-turkey-links-between-energy-efficiency-and-energy-poverty <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Energy efficiency of the housing stock in Turkey: the links between energy efficiency and energy poverty</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/ucal-meltem" hreflang="en">Ucal Meltem</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gunay-simge" hreflang="en">Günay Simge</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 05/10/2021 - 09:24</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/138" hreflang="en">Department of Economics, Center for Energy and Sustainable Development, Kadir Has University (Türkiye)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/139" hreflang="en">Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul University (Türkiye)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-05-10T12:00:00Z">2021.05.10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/30" hreflang="en">Energy efficiency</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-05/Ucal-Gunay_2021_Energy%20efficiency%20in%20Turkey_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=222901" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Ucal-Günay_Energy efficieny in Turkey_EP-pedia</a></span><span class="file-size">217.68 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in the Policy Debate of Turkey Regarding Energy Poverty</strong></h2> <p>Restricted access to energy has a negative impact on health, gender equality, education, poverty, and in general, on economic development in developing countries. Since energy poverty is – unofficially – defined in the literature in Turkey as the lack of access to clean, adequate and affordable energy sources as well as an issue of the lack of energy affordability as in most European countries, transitioning more fully to modern energy sources, investing in expanded grid-based electrification or in micro-size renewable energy sources are possible solutions to these problems (Erdogdu, 2020). On the other hand, poorer segments of the population are unable to afford sufficient energy due to high energy prices and the lack of insulation in buildings (YTONG, 2019). In this sense, the subject of energy efficiency is at the core of the problem of energy poverty. Therefore, Turkey’s steps to improving energy efficiency are worthy of consideration in developing strategies to reduce energy poverty across the population.</p> <p>Turkey relies heavily on foreign energy sources and thus gives particular importance to securing long-term energy independence. Therefore, the country’s energy policy promotes domestic energy sources and seeks to make use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) potential in the country. By the end of 2018, Turkey is heavily dependent on foreign energy sources by approximately 73% (Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, 2020). Also, they reported that by the end of April 2020, 48.1% of total installed capacity came from renewable energy sources. In addition to these supply-related efforts, the Energy Efficiency Law (2007) guides Turkey’s energy efficiency policy. The aim of this law is to increase efficiency in the use of energy resources, thus reducing the burden of energy costs on the economy and protecting the environment. With the help of energy efficiency policies and renewable energy sources, Turkey can become more energy self-sufficient. In this way, energy poverty in the country could also be reduced. Therefore, Energy Charter Secretariat recommended in 2014 that the Turkish government needed to put forward an energy efficiency policy roadmap for 2023 and beyond. The policy roadmap should establish high efficiency standards for new and existing buildings, with focus on the implementation of energy efficiency labelling schemes and of minimum energy performance standards, including construction characteristics and use of the buildings and home appliances (e.g. Arçelik’s 4-year project on Market Transformation of Energy Efficient Household Appliances started in 2001) (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2014: 17, 79). Following these recommendations, Turkey put forward the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) in 2018, although the country still has a long way to go (SHURA Energy Transition Center, 2019). Turkey also developed the National Climate Change Strategy of 2010-2023, which aimed to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in buildings, industry, transport and energy sectors (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2018).</p> <p> </p> <h3><strong>The Problem of Energy Efficiency in Turkey</strong></h3> <p>These recent acts are preceded by earlier attention, including the ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects (PEEREA) in 2001. According to these agreements, Turkey committed itself to formulating and implementing policies for improving energy efficiency and reducing the negative environmental impacts of the energy cycle. PEEREA made cooperation among the large group of contracting parties<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a> possible (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2014). In addition, Turkey celebrates World Savings Day (Dunya Tasarruf Gunu) on October 31 each year so as to attract public attention to energy efficiency, among other modes of savings. These advances are quite notable in terms of raising awareness about efficient energy use, sustainable future and accordingly, reducing the problem of energy poverty (Enerji ve Çevre Bulletin, 2019; Erdoğdu, 2020).</p> <p>Unfortunately, Turkey does not reap proportionate benefits from energy service systems, namely heating, cooling and lighting. According to governorship of Yalova provincial directorate for environment and urbanization (Yalova Valiligi Cevre ve Sehircilik Il Mudurlugu, 2018a), there are three basic reasons for this shortfall. The first one is that Turkish households pay very high energy prices especially for electricity and natural gas. The second one is that houses are equipped with energy-inefficient heating, cooling and lighting systems as well as energy-inefficient appliances The last one is that the architectural design and insulation of Turkey's residences are not made well to protect these residences against cold and heat or to take advantage of available light. All three of these conditions are logically correlated with energy poverty.</p> <p>Insulation of buildings can be one of the solutions for tackling some of these issues. For instance, if the roof is well insulated, heat loss can be reduced up to 20% relative to no insulation. If exterior walls are well insulated, heat loss will be reduced up to 15% relative to no insulation. If windows and doors are well insulated, the heat loss will again be reduced up to 15% relative to no insulation (Yalova Valiligi Cevre ve Sehircilik Il Mudurlugu, 2018b). According to Enerji ve Çevre Bulletin (2019), improvements in use of building materials and of roof, window and wall thermal insulation applications may provide 50% reduction in energy consumption and fuel expenses. Furthermore, if precautions are taken to achieve good levels of airtightness, heat loss will be further reduced, (up to 10% relative to no insulation) adding up to 60% reduction in heat loss and in energy consumption and fuel expenses, in total (Yalova Valiligi Cevre ve Sehircilik Il Mudurlugu, 2018b, Enerji ve Çevre Bulletin, 2019). At that time, a joint project study was initiated with the support of British Council, Turkish Republic Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the British Embassy Welfare Fund; given this study, the aim of the governorship of Yalova (2018) was to inform building owners on the importance of Energy Performance Certificates, discussed further below. The Energy and Environment World Magazine (Enerji ve Cevre Bulletin) highlights that insulation of buildings is one of the most important precautions for being protected from the cold in winter. Since the presence of very high energy consumption and/or of leaky roofs, damp walls or rot in window frames at homes due to lack of insulation are considered to be indicators of energy poverty in Turkey in compliance with the EU Household Budget Surveys and/or EU-SILC data (TURKSTAT Income and Living Conditions Survey, 2019), it is expected that if these actions were applied, energy poverty could be reduced in Turkey.</p> <p>Since Turkey is a developing country, its energy use is rapidly increasing because of increasing population, production and industrialization (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2014). It is worth noting that Turkey’s aggregate demand for electricity increased from 122 TWh to 240 TWh between the years 2001 and 2013 (Bavbek, 2015: 1). According to the MURE database and TS 825 standards that were used to calculate heating energy needs of buildings, Turkey has lower stringency of energy-related building standards<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> compared to many EU countries (Aydın, 2018: 11-12). In addition, building standards in Turkey were not updated at all between 1980 and 2000. This led to lower energy efficiency for the buildings constructed between the years 1980 and 2000 compared to the period after 2000. The share of residential buildings constructed with low energy efficiency standards between 1980-2000 in the current dwelling stock is about 45%.  Therefore, a significant amount of potential energy savings in the residential sector were lost in that period. If these dwellings were improved between 1980-2000, then almost half of its current dwelling stock could be more energy-efficient today (Aydın, 2018: 11). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the Bavbek (2015) gives some estimates on the country’s potential for energy savings in the household sector in 2011. Estimations were originally made by the World Bank (Bavbek, 2015: 8). Therefore, it is crucial to bring the building up to much higher energy efficiency requirements and maximum emission limitations. Emissions reductions could be considered as a side-effect of higher building energy standards and it is essential to build new buildings sustainably so as to decrease energy demand and carbon emissions of the country and also to promote sustainable, environment-friendly buildings (Bavbek, 2015). These requirements are also in line with the goal of reducing energy poverty.</p> <p>Because renovation of homes in Turkey is relatively underdeveloped (particularly for multifamily apartment buildings) as a means of reducing heating and cooling use, it is necessary to develop programs to work with existing apartment management cooperatives and homeowner associations to help retrofit their buildings by improving access to appropriate financing, introducing incentives, and providing technical assistance (The World Bank, 2015). Turkish Standards Institution (TSI) brought into force minimum U-values (inversely related to thermal transmittance) required for improving the efficacy of heating in all buildings (newly constructed buildings and buildings to be amended) in four degree-day regions of Turkey in 2008 (Onur Enerji, 2018, Atmaca, 2016). Then, the number of degree-day regions were updated as five (5) in 2013 (Atmaca, 2016). If Turkey’s energy standards are compared to those for developed countries by using U values, it is seen that the modelled annual amount of energy allowed to be spent for heating an area of one square meter is far above the amount spent by developed countries (Pelesen, 2020). For instance, while the annual energy amount spent for heating an area of one square meter in old buildings is 180 kWh/<em>m</em>2<img alt="" src="image/png;base64,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" /> in many EU countries, but in Turkey's capital Ankara this amount is 311 kWh/<em>m</em>2<img alt="" src="image/png;base64,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" /> for individual heating and 237 kWh/<em>m</em>2<img alt="" src="image/png;base64,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" /> for central heating (Öztürk, 2018).</p> <p>Therefore, compulsory energy audits, benchmarking, dissemination of information on energy efficiency measures are required to stimulate energy efficiency through a wide range of measures for the buildings and industry sectors (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2014: 17). According to the 2008 national regulation regarding energy performance in buildings (Information System of Regulations of the Presidency of the Turkish Republic, 2020), Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) are compulsory for all new buildings in Turkey, with the certificate valid for 10 years. In addition to this requirement for new buildings, existing buildings were originally scheduled to have that certificate by May 2017 (Energy Charter Secretariat, 2014: 76). The date for the requirement for Energy Performance Certificates in transactions of sales and lease of building was then deferred to 2020 (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources). As of 1 January 2020, this regulation entered into force in Turkey (emlakkulisi.com, 2020).</p> <p>Energy Performance Certificates include seven (7) energy classes for a building. These are categorized as A, B, C, D, E, F and G according to the building’s primary modelled energy consumption depending on building characteristics(Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, n.d.). Class A indicates a “most efficient” building (with lowest modelled energy consumption) and G indicates “least efficient” building (with highest modelled energy consumption) (Yiğit and Acarkan, 2016). If a building fully meets the required construction and insulation standards, then it receives a C rating. Also, it is compulsory for new buildings to have at least C class rating. In 2019, there were 873 000 buildings in total which had been certified, however, certification is still required for more than 8 million buildings in the country. Istanbul ranks first in the number of buildings with an EPC. There are approximately 3 000 buildings with an A certificate, 272 000 buildings with a B certificate, and 677 000 with a C certificate in Turkey (Milliyet, 2020).</p> <p>In general, there are some main differences between the EU legislation and Turkey’s legislation in approach and regulation regarding energy efficiency in buildings. These differences are mostly related to the implementation of legislation. Three main factors likely account for the average education level of practitioners, lack of obeying the rules and the lack of effective mechanisms for ensuring implementation of legislation. One of the most notable difference between the Turkey’s legislation and the EU countries’ legislation is that EU’s legislation on the relevant subject has a more dynamic nature, meaning that technical possibilities and changing needs can be transferred to the legislation more easily. In addition, since the Energy Efficiency Law(2007) was published many years ago in Turkey, the country needs to update this legislation as well as legislation for energy efficiency in buildings, by adopting a new perspective (Yüksekkaya, 2017: 52, 53).</p> <p>Olga Rosca from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Rosca, 2019) reported that Turkish families took out EBRD-led Turkish Residential Energy Efficiency Financing Facility (TuREEFF) mortgages and loans in order to either buy eco-friendly homes or equip their homes with energy-saving technologies. Some of households have benefited from these instruments indirectly such as by installing heating or cooling systems and/or windows. Thanks to this lending programme, which was put into practice in 2015, energy efficiency savings in excess of 29.3 GWh/year have been achieved, according to modelling studies.. All individuals who want to purchase energy-efficient domestic appliances and/or renewable energy equipment can benefit from the loan without specific targeting strategies (TuREEFF, 2020). More specific targeting on this subject could be quite helpful in terms of reducing energy poverty in the country. So, targeting loan programs to specific situations where energy poverty is likely to prevail could have additional social benefits. These situations particularly include , those who are precarious workers, farmers who use electric water pumps for irrigation, small scale enterprises, rural households, households who have to limit food costs along with other main spending items to be able to pay electricity bills, those who use illegal electricity, households who are disconnected from electricity supply as a result of arrears on electricity bills, etc. These people are particularly vulnerable to increases in the price of electricity (Erdoğdu, 2020). This is one way that energy efficiency policies can directly benefit address energy poverty in the country.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research Perspective on Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in Turkey Regarding Energy Poverty</strong></h2> <p>Although energy efficiency research is generally discussed in Turkey’s literature independently of the topic of energy poverty, there are strong links between energy efficiency and energy poverty as specifically addressed in the seventh goal of sustainable development goals (SDG 7). Recent studies on energy efficiency in buildings generally focus on building insulation, green building certificate systems, photovoltaic applications and occupant behaviour in energy consumption. A study by Harputlugil and Harputlugil (2016) on the renovation of current social housing stock in Turkey argues that occupant behaviour is generally considered to be an important factor for determining energy consumption goals, and developing energy efficient strategies so as to improve current and new building stock. The study found that the most sensitive parameters on heating load and comfort levels during winter and summer are occupants’ presence at home and their strategies for opening and closing windows. These occupant-related characteristics also have an impact on energy poverty levels since they may alleviate or aggravate the problem of energy poverty.</p> <p>Building certificate systems are an important avenue to increasing public awareness for green buildings. In this sense, Bertiz et al. (2019) compare the national and international green building certificate systems because they may vary regarding each country. Although BREEAM and Green Star have similar evaluation criteria on the use of energy, water, pollution, novelty, materials, transportation, ecology, management, and land, BREEAM also has an evaluation criteria for waste while Green Star has an evaluation criteria for interior environmental quality. Apart from these certificate systems, Environmental Friendly Green Building Association (CEDBIK) in Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding with BRE Global and they are working together to adapt BREEAM according to Turkey’s conditions. and can be an complementary solution for alleviating energy poverty along with other solutions such as reducing inequalities, government support for energy poor people, and energy sector regulations, etc.</p> <p>Besides these studies, Uzun and Yeğin (2019) examine photovoltaic applications in energy-efficient buildings as a means of addressing the depletion of natural resources, and environmental problems in parallel to it. This study highlights the importance of solar energy for a sustainable future and suggests cooperation between industry and universities. However, these new technologies should also be supported by trade associations and local authorities in order to be adopted by architects and engineers. Göksel Özbalta and Yıldız (2019) examine the energy performance of double-skin façades (DSF) in hot and humid climate. It is known that the design of energy-efficient façade is really important in increasing energy performance of current housing stock. Also, an improved building skin helps make the most of energy and reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. The results showed that in implementations of double-skin façade, the choice of glass in buildings is very important in reducing cooling load. In another study, Alemdağ and Beyhan (2017:18) analysed energy efficient and sustainable architectural design patterns regarding their functionality, conceptuality, and technical aspects. They also pointed out positive and negative sides of using double skin facades. Some of its advantages are allowing for natural ventilation, heat, sound and night ventilation as well as enabling energy conservation and protecting buildings against external factors, etc. Its disadvantages are overheating of double skin façade cavity, possible reductions in the quantity of daylight, high construction costs, unbalanced air flow speed in façade cavity, possibility of fire, problems in mechanical air ventilation system and solar control elements (Alemdağ and Beyhan, 2017: 26).</p> <p>Demircan (2020) highlights the importance of energy for improving life standards and leading a healthy life, also arguing that sustainable development is possible through a sustainable and high-quality energy supply. Since a major part of energy used in buildings goes to space heating and cooling, building insulation can add substantially reduce energy consumption and make these spaces more livable, thus tackling energy poverty on two levels. The author examines four uninsulated buildings through thermal camera in the province of Adapazarı and aims to detect heat leaks occurred in these buildings. At the end of the field study, he detected locations where heat leakages occurred in the buildings. This shows that it is important to follow procedures and principles stated in Turkish Standard 825 (TS 825) and that insulation should be performed by qualified workers in order for heat leakages not to occur in the future. It can be inferred that improving the quality of construction, including laying insulation, can help alleviate energy poverty problems in Turkey. Altun et al. (2020) examine the impact on building heating energy requirements, cost and carbon footprint of envelope insulation from a life-cycle perspective. The results showed that while insulation has a positive impact on annual heating energy, it also improves life-cycle cost and life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions.</p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Signatories and/or Contracting Parties to the PEEREA are Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union and Euratom, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, The Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan. Source: <a href="https://www.energycharter.org/process/energy-charter-treaty-1994/energy-efficiency-protocol/">https://www.energycharter.org/process/energy-charter-treaty-1994/energy-efficiency-protocol/</a> .</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> “Maximum allowable U-value requirement” was used in the article as a proxy for the stringency of energy efficiency requirements of buildings. The main motivation of the implementation of U-value requirements in Northern European countries in 1960s was the the demand for thermal comfort (Aydın, 2018: 11)</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Alemdağ, E. 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[In Turkish]</p> <p>Yalova Valiliği Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü. (2018b). Binalarda Enerji Verimliliği. Available at: <a href="https://yalova.csb.gov.tr/binalarda-enerji-verimliligi-i-3561">https://yalova.csb.gov.tr/binalarda-enerji-verimliligi-i-3561</a>. (Accessed 27 December 2020). [In Turkish]</p> <p>Yiğit, K. &amp; Acarkan, B. (2016). Assessment of energy performance certificate systems: a case study for residential buildings in Turkey. <em>Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering &amp; Computer Sciences, </em>24, 4839-4848. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1407-87">https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1407-87</a>.</p> <p>YTONG. (2019). Isı yalıtımı yetersiz evlerin faturaları kabarıyor. Available at: <a href="https://ytong.com.tr/haber-detay.asp?haberID=91.">https://ytong.com.tr/haber-detay.asp?haberID=91.</a> (Accessed 24 December 2020). [In Turkish]</p> <p>Yüksekkaya, T. (2017). AB Binalarda Enerji Performansı Direktifi (EPBD) ile Binalarda Enerji Performansı Yönetmeliği Arasındaki Temel Farklılıklar ve Uyumu Zorlaştıran Nedenler. Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği Dergisi. <a href="https://www.ttmd.org.tr/PdfDosyalari/TTMD-Dergisi-108.pdf">https://www.ttmd.org.tr/PdfDosyalari/TTMD-Dergisi-108.pdf</a>. (Accessed 27 March 2021). [In Turkish]</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Ucal, M. and Günay, S. (2021) Energy efficiency of the housing stock in Turkey: the links between energy efficiency and energy poverty, EP-pedia Website.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 10 May 2021 09:24:07 +0000 ute.dubois 244 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-efficiency-housing-stock-turkey-links-between-energy-efficiency-and-energy-poverty#comments Perspective on Energy Poverty in the Public Debate and in Research in Portugal http://www.eppedia.eu/article/perspective-energy-poverty-public-debate-and-research-portugal <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Perspective on Energy Poverty in the Public Debate and in Research in Portugal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gouveia-joao-pedro" hreflang="en">Gouveia João Pedro </a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/palma-pedro" hreflang="en">Palma Pedro</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Sun, 02/14/2021 - 22:52</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/116" hreflang="en">CENSE – Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Science and Environmental Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon (Portugal)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-03T12:00:00Z">2021.02.03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-03T12:00:00Z">2021.02.03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-02/Gouveia%20%26%20Palma_2021_Perspective%20on%20EP%20in%20Portugal_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=227697" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Gouveia &amp; Palma_2021_Perspective on EP in Portugal</a></span><span class="file-size">222.36 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on Energy Poverty in the policy debate in Portugal</strong></h2> <p>There is no official concept or definition of energy poverty coming from a legislation or policy perspective in Portugal, and it is still a rather unknown concept for the Portuguese population. Nevertheless, a national strategy for energy poverty mitigation is currently being developed.</p> <p>Energy Poverty has been receiving growing attention from several media outlets, due to relevant research being carried out at national and regional levels. In the news, energy poverty is more frequently linked with extreme weather events, especially cold waves.</p> <p>At a policy level, energy poverty has been increasingly incorporated in national medium and long term strategy instruments, with important mentions in the National Energy and Climate Plan 2030 (Portuguese Republic, 2019a), the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality for 2050 (Portuguese Republic, 2019b) and the Long Term Strategy for Buildings Renovation (Portuguese Republic, 2021). The National Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality states that investment in urban renovation will result in the increase of energy efficiency in residential buildings, electrification and incorporation of renewable energy sources, which could contribute to energy poverty reduction. The National Energy and Climate Plan 2030 set out as one of its goals the elaboration of a long-term strategy to tackle energy poverty, which will improve vulnerable consumer protection instruments and propose measures to reduce energy poverty.</p> <p>On the preliminary version of The Long Term Strategy for Building Renovation (2020), the need for tailored policy action is highlighted, particularly for financing energy efficiency projects and through subsidies for energy efficiency interventions for residential and commercial buildings, tax abatements and energy bill payments (Portuguese Republic, 2021). One of the main axes of action defined in this strategy is precisely energy poverty mitigation, for which the aforementioned set of policy measures should be adopted.</p> <p>At the municipal level, the Lisbon Municipality also highlights the importance of mitigating energy poverty in the Municipal Housing Chart, presenting the results of Gouveia et al. (2019) index applying it to the different civil parishes (CML, 2020). Energy poverty was also a topic of discussion in the Portuguese parliament, connected to draft resolutions concerning the implementation of a maximum price on LPG bottles and the excessive rents that power companies have to pay, which are reflected in energy costs for Portuguese families.</p> <p>Currently, the only measure that directly address the energy vulnerability of the population is the social tariff for electricity and natural gas use. These social tariffs consist of a discount on the tariff for access to the low voltage electricity networks and/or low-pressure natural gas for households. Around 800 000 households benefit from this support measure (19% of Portuguese households), identified and qualified automatically based on social welfare system data (ADENE, 2019).</p> <p>Although not directly addressed and fostered as a solution to energy poverty, but with possible positive outcomes to this problem, energy efficiency measures are supported by a variety of financial mechanisms. There are state incentives to promote and ease household access to energy efficiency projects, as well as to renewable energy systems. The majority of energy- related policies targeted to the residential sector are developed at a strategic level, with instruments in general lacking sufficient tailoring to deliver the expected results. In several energy-related dimensions, Portugal is still behind compared to other EU countries (Gouveia, 2017). As an example, BPIE (2017) includes Portugal as a slow starter for the 'smart building revolution'.</p> <p>Moreover, as an incentive and a way to secure the stability of investment in renewable energy sources, especially for small electricity producers, the Portuguese government decided to maintain the reference tariff for the electricity sold to the public grid, set at 95 euros per MWh. Recently, the government has also approved a decree-law (Decree-law 162/2019), setting new rules regarding decentralized energy communities, directed to ease investment in generation units to provide electricity to a small community of consumers, with potential benefits for energy poverty reduction.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on Energy Poverty in Portugal</strong></h2> <p>The research carried out on energy poverty in Portugal is mostly focused on space heating and cooling and related to thermal comfort, energy performance of buildings and energy efficiency. Gouveia <em>et al.</em> (2018a) frames the problem by characterizing households in terms of the typical enablers of energy poverty (e.g. low incomes, inefficient dwellings), with low levels of consumption suggesting energy deprivation for basic energy needs. Others (Gouveia <em>et al.</em> 2012, 2017a, 2017b, 2018a; Simoes <em>et al</em>. 2016; Palma <em>et al</em>. 2019) highlight energy poverty as being focused on space heating and space cooling and related to problems of thermal comfort in residential buildings, energy consumption profiles and inefficient households. Gouveia <em>et al.</em> (2016, 2017b) included socio-economic variables combined with electricity smart meter data to identify and characterize potentially vulnerable consumer groups. In these latter papers, analysis is focused on scope and methods; to include thermal comfort at the household level and assessment of electricity consumption associated with both space heating and cooling for a specific region in the country. Simoes <em>et al.</em> (2015) briefly assessed this topic under a thermal comfort and future climate vulnerability perspective. Simoes <em>et al</em>. (2016) delved more into this topic using CENSUS 2011 data to map vulnerable elderly people in 29 municipalities across Portugal.</p> <p>A novel energy poverty composite index – the Energy Poverty Vulnerability Index (EPVI) – was recently developed to map and characterize energy poverty at a very high-resolution spatial scale (all 3092 Portuguese civil parishes), that combines:</p> <ul> <li>socio-economic indicators of population (e.g. elderly and young people; unemployed; levels of income; education levels);</li> <li>climate variables (Heating Degree Days and Cooling Degree Days, heating and cooling season length);</li> <li>energy consumption levels (e.g. electricity, natural gas, biomass);</li> <li>energy needs for heating and cooling (per square meter, per household);</li> <li>Heating and cooling technologies details (efficiency, ownership);</li> <li>construction characteristics of 187 building typologies (e.g. height, area, bearing structure, type of wall, windows, roofs) by country region (Gouveia <em>et al</em>., 2018b and Gouveia <em>et al</em>., 2018c).</li> </ul> <p>This work builds upon early work from Lopes (2010), Simoes <em>et al.</em> (2016) and Palma <em>et al</em>. (2019). Figures 1 and 2 present respectively the energy poverty vulnerability maps related to space heating and cooling that result from this research. The civil parishes located in the north and inland center regions of the country have generally higher energy poverty vulnerability for both heating and cooling, due to more severe climate conditions; lower energy efficiency of the dwelling stock and low energy consumption for space heating and cooling; and lower ability of the population to implement thermal comfort improvement measures (Figure 1 and Figure 2). This research have been highlighted by national media including television (<em>Sic Noticias, RTP1, TVI, Porto Canal</em>), radio (Observador, Renascença) and newspaper (e.g. <em>Expresso, Público, JN</em>) due to its importance and societal impact (SIC Noticias, 2018) and was recognized as one of the top projects regarding social innovation for tackling Energy poverty by ASHOKA and Schneider Foundation Award 2017/2018 (ASHOKA and Schneider Foundation, 2018).</p> <p>Horta <em>et al.</em> (2019) provides an additional perspective into how the Energy Poverty Vulnerability Index contributes to a better understanding of energy poverty by providing results highlighting ten vulnerability hotspots across the country where a team of social scientists conducted interviews with 100 households.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-02/Figure%201_0.png?itok=x7s6gnCK" width="1200" height="746" alt="Figure 1 - Regional Energy Poverty Vulnerability Index for Space Heating for Portugal" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1 - Regional Energy Poverty Vulnerability Index for Space Heating for Portugal (Adapted from Gouveia et al., 2018b)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-02/Figure%202_0.png?itok=GrKIp2pl" width="1200" height="740" alt="Figure 2 - Regional Energy Poverty Vulnerability Index for Space Cooling for Portugal" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2 - Regional Energy Poverty Vulnerability Index for Space Cooling for Portugal (Adapted from Gouveia et al., 2018b)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Rodrigues et al. (2019) developed a study for EDP (Energias de Portugal S.A.), a Portuguese energy utility company, to analyse energy poverty in Portugal through a direct measurement approach, the energy gap, comparing a standard energy consumption with the actual energy consumption, considering an energy poverty threshold. Families with a consumption below the set threshold (50% of the normative theoretical energy needs) were considered to be in energy poverty. The authors also used a modified Low Income High Costs (LIHC) indicator to measure energy poverty and compared the results with the energy gap indicator. Results show a proportion of 11.4% and 11% of people in energy poverty according to the energy gap and modified LIHC approach respectively. The amount of financial resources necessary to take an energy poor household out of energy poverty was estimated at 35.9€ and 40.7€ per month respectively for the two methods.</p> <p class="Default">Additionally, a study on the Application of the Energy Social Tariff was published in April 2019 by the Energy Observatory and financed by ADENE, the Energy Agency. It concluded that energy poverty in Portugal is a widely overlooked phenomenon. Only recently Portuguese entities took part on EU funded projects related to this tipic. ADENE and the University of Porto are partners in the Interreg Sudoe project Energy Push on social housing in the north of Portugal. The consumer organisation DECO is also a partner in the Horizon 2020 STEP project which focuses on behavioural change, raising awareness and energy efficiency. Coopérnico, a renewable energy cooperative is a partner on the Horizon 2020 POWERPOOR project which aims to develop support programmes/schemes for energy poor citizens and encourage the use of alternative financing schemes e.g. establishing energy communities / cooperatives, crowd funding). FCT NOVA is part of the coordination team of the EU Energy poverty Advisory Hub (2021-2024) aiming to provide technical assistance to municipalities implementing sustainable solutions with the view to alleviating energy poverty.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>ADENE. (2019). Pobreza Energética em Debate [Energy Poverty in Debate]. Agência para a Energia [Portuguese Energy Agency]. Available at: <a href="https://www.adene.pt/pobreza-energetica-em-debate/">https://www.adene.pt/pobreza-energetica-em-debate/</a></p> <p>ASHOKA and Schneider Foundation (2018). Social Innovation to Tackle Fuel Poverty. Available at: <a href="http://tacklefuelpoverty.com/community/">http://tacklefuelpoverty.com/community/</a></p> <p>BPIE, (2017). Is Europe ready for the smart buildings’ revolution? Buildings Performance Institute Europe. Available at: <a href="http://www.bpie.eu">www.bpie.eu</a></p> <p>CML. (2020). Energy Poverty. Municipal Housing Chart. Municipality of Lisbon.</p> <p>DGEG. (2020). Synthetic National Energy Balance 2019. Statistics and Prices. General Directorate of Energy and Geology. Portugal.</p> <p>Expresso (2021). <a href="https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2021-01-19-Vejo-pessoas-de-cachecol-em-casa-e-inadmissivel-precisamos-de-falar-sobre-pobreza-energetica">https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2021-01-19-Vejo-pessoas-de-cachecol-em-casa-e-inadmissivel-precisamos-de-falar-sobre-pobreza-energetica</a></p> <p>FEE (2018). AVISO 25 - Eficiência Energética nos Edifícios. Plano Nacional de Ação para a Eficiência Energética. (in Portuguese)</p> <p>Gouveia J.P. (2017). Residential Sector Energy Consumption at the Spotlight: From Data to Knowledge. PhD thesis on Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies – Sustainable Energy Systems. Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon.</p> <p>Gouveia J.P., Seixas, J., Palma, P., Simoes, S. (2018c). Mapeamento da Pobreza Energética em Portugal. LIGAR – Eficiência energética para todos. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. ADENE – Agência para a Energia. Lisboa. (in Portuguese). Available at: <a href="https://ligar.adene.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Relat%C3%B3rio-ICS_LIGAR_vs-final.pdf">https://ligar.adene.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Relat%C3%B3rio-ICS_LIGAR_vs-final.pdf</a></p> <p>Gouveia, J.P., Fortes, P., Seixas, J. (2012). Projections of Energy Services Demand for Residential Buildings: Insights from a Bottom-up Methodology. Energy 47 (2012) 430-442. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.042">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.042</a></p> <p>Gouveia, J.P., Palma, P., Seixas, J., Simoes, S (2017a). Mapping Residential Thermal Comfort Gap at Very High-Resolution Spatial Scale: Implications for Energy Policy Design. IAEE Energy Forum Special Issue. ISSN 1944-3188. Available at: <a href="http://www.iaee.org/documents/2017EnergyForumSI.pdf">http://www.iaee.org/documents/2017EnergyForumSI.pdf</a></p> <p>Gouveia, J.P., Palma, P., Simoes, S., Seixas J. (2018). Harvesting big data from residential buildings energy performance certificates: an application for mapping energy needs at local scale. Systematizing and upscaling urban solutions for climate change mitigation (SUUCCM), 13th and 14th September 2018. Berlin, Germany.</p> <p>Gouveia, J.P., Seixas, J. (2016). Unraveling electricity consumption profiles in households through clusters: Combining smart meters and door-to-door surveys. Energy and Buildings. 116, 666–676. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.043</a></p> <p>Gouveia, J.P., Seixas, J. Long, G. (2018a) Mining Household’s energy data to disclose fuel poverty: lessons for Southern Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production. 178 (2018). 534-550. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.021">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.021</a></p> <p>Gouveia, J.P., Seixas, J., Mestre, A. (2017b). Daily Electricity Profiles from Smart Meters - Proxies of Active Behaviour for Space Heating and Cooling. Energy, 141 (2017) 108-122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.049">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.049</a></p> <p>Horta, A., Gouveia, J.P., Schmidt, L., Sousa, J., Palma, P., Simões, S. (2019). Energy poverty in Portugal: Combining vulnerability mapping with household interviews. Energy and Buildings. Volume 203, 15 November 2019, 109423 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109423">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109423</a></p> <p>Jornal de Notícias (2021). Há dois milhões a bater o dente dentro de casa. <a href="https://www.jn.pt/nacional/especial/ha-dois-milhoes-a-bater-o-dente-dentro-de-casa-13280590.html">https://www.jn.pt/nacional/especial/ha-dois-milhoes-a-bater-o-dente-dentro-de-casa-13280590.html</a></p> <p>Lopes, T. (2010). Potencial de poupança de energia na climatização de edifícios habitacionais. Dissertação de Mestrado. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. (In Portuguese).</p> <p>Observatório da Energia (2019). Estudo sobre a aplicação da tarifa social de energia em Portugal. <a href="https://www.observatoriodaenergia.pt/_wp-content/uploads/2019/04/estudo_tarifa_social.pdf">https://www.observatoriodaenergia.pt/_wp-content/uploads/2019/04/estudo_tarifa_social.pdf</a> (in Portuguese)</p> <p>Palma, P., Gouveia, J. P., Simoes, S. G. (2019). Mapping the energy performance gap of dwelling stock at high-resolution scale: Implications for thermal comfort in Portuguese households. Energy and Buildings, 190, 246-261. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.002</a></p> <p>PORDATA, (2020). Europe – Environment, Energy and Territory. PORDATA. Available at: <a href="http://www.pordata.pt">www.pordata.pt</a></p> <p>Portuguese Republic. (2019a). National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2020. Portugal</p> <p>Portuguese Republic. (2019b). National Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050 (RNC 2050).  Environmental Fund/Portuguese Environmental Agency. Portugal</p> <p>Portuguese Republic. (2021). Long-term Strategy for the Renovation of Buildings. Portugal. Resolution of the Council of Ministries nº8-A/2021. 3rd February 2021.</p> <p>Público. (2021). <a href="https://www.publico.pt/2021/01/18/economia/noticia/alfama-estudo-calcula-45-milhoes-investimento-fim-pobreza-energetica-1946720">https://www.publico.pt/2021/01/18/economia/noticia/alfama-estudo-calcula-45-milhoes-investimento-fim-pobreza-energetica-1946720</a></p> <p>Rádio Renascença (2021). Decidir Europa – Pobreza Energética (João Pedro Gouveia). <a href="https://rr.sapo.pt/2021/01/30/decidir-europa/joao-pedro-gouveia-e-a-pobreza-energetica/artigo/224738/">https://rr.sapo.pt/2021/01/30/decidir-europa/joao-pedro-gouveia-e-a-pobreza-energetica/artigo/224738/</a></p> <p>República Portuguesa XXI Governo Constitucional (2018). Casa Eficiente 2020 [Efficient House Program 2020]. XXI Government of Portugal. (in Portuguese)</p> <p>Rodrigues, C.F., Nunes, F., Vicente, J., Escária, V. (2019). A Pobreza Energética em Portugal [Energy Poverty in Portugal]. Lisbon School of Economics and Management. [In Portuguese].</p> <p>SIC Notícias (2018). Premio REN 2018 – Portugal um dos países com maior pobreza energética. 5th November 2018. Available at: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sicnoticias/videos/286343618674876/?t=0">https://www.facebook.com/sicnoticias/videos/286343618674876/?t=0</a></p> <p>Simões, G. S., Gregório, V., Seixas, J. (2016). Mapping fuel poverty in Portugal. Energy Procedia 106, pp 155 – 165. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.112">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.112</a></p> <p>Simões, S., Gregório, V., Fortes. P, Seixas, J. (2015). Manual para Avaliação da Vulnerabilidade Climática do Parque Residencial Edificado. ClimAdaPT.Local – Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente. Lisboa. (in Portuguese)</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Gouveia, J.P. and Palma, P. (2021). Perspective on Energy Poverty in the Public Debate and in Research in Portugal. <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Sun, 14 Feb 2021 22:52:09 +0000 ute.dubois 234 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/perspective-energy-poverty-public-debate-and-research-portugal#comments Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in Portugal http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-efficiency-housing-stock-portugal <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in Portugal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gouveia-joao-pedro" hreflang="en">Gouveia João Pedro </a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/palma-pedro" hreflang="en">Palma Pedro</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Sun, 02/14/2021 - 22:28</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/116" hreflang="en">CENSE – Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Science and Environmental Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon (Portugal)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-03T12:00:00Z">2021.02.03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-03T12:00:00Z">2021.02.03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/30" hreflang="en">Energy efficiency</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/128" hreflang="en">Regulation</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-02/Gouveia%20and%20Palma_2021_Energy%20efficiency%20of%20the%20housing%20stock%20in%20Portugal_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=302483" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Gouveia &amp; Palma_2021_Energy efficiency of the housing stock in Portugal_EP-pedia</a></span><span class="file-size">295.39 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Context on Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock of Portugal</strong></h2> <p>There are about 3.5 million classic residential buildings and 5.9 million dwellings in Portugal (INE, 2011). The Portuguese residential building stock is old, with 15% of the buildings dating back to 1945 or earlier. Approximately 70% were built prior to 1990 (INE, 2011) when energy performance regulations for residential buildings were still not implemented in the country. Bearing structures are either stone or brick masonry (51%) or reinforced concrete (49%). Older buildings commonly have stone masonry and wooden roofs and floors (Magalhães and Freitas, 2017). The use of reinforced concrete in the bearing structure is more recent and is the common practice nowadays.</p> <p>The first Portuguese energy performance of buildings (EPB) regulation was implemented in 1990. It was the first legal instrument to define energy performance requirements for new buildings and big retrofitting projects. This regulation was replaced by the 2006’s Thermal Performance Buildings Characteristics Regulation (RCCTE), stemming from the European Directive 2002/91/CE, which set more demanding requirements concerning the building’s thermal performance and introduced the Energy Certification System (SCE). In 2013, a new directive on building energy performance was issued (Directive 2010/31/EU), resulting in two new revised building’s energy performance regulations in Portugal, Residential Buildings Energy Performance Regulation (REH) and Commercial and Service Buildings Energy Performance Regulation (RECS), as well as a revised SCE. A new directive on EPB, amending the previous ones, was issued in 2018, which will result in the future revision of these regulations in Portugal. The implementation timeline of these instruments can be consulted in Figure 1.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-02/Figure%201.png?itok=siN3aVdW" width="1200" height="392" alt="Figure 1 - Timeline of EPB directives and portuguese regulations" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1 – Timeline of EPB directives and portuguese regulations</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>The building materials used influence the magnitude of the heat exchange between the exterior and interior of a building, usually represented by a heat transfer coefficient, the U-value. Better insulation has lower U-values. Alongside Spain, Portugal has registered consistently higher weighted mean U-values – and thus lower levels of thermal resistance and higher levels of heat loss – across building typologies for windows, pavement, walls and roof than most European countries (iNSPiRe, 2014; Anagnostopoulos and De Groote, 2016). Vasconcelos <em>et al.</em> (2011) point out the poor quality of Portuguese buildings, especially regarding thermal insulation, which results in dwellings that are cold and humid in the winter and too warm in the summer. About 29% of Portuguese residential buildings need some type of envelope intervention work, and 1.6% are severely degraded (INE, 2011). PCS/Quercus (2017) carried out an online survey on thermal comfort, finding that 37% of respondents claim not to have any insulation in their house.</p> <p>Refurbishment costs represented 34% of the total spending of the Portuguese construction sector in 2014 (INE, 2015; Magalhães and Freitas, 2017). Additionally, according to Odyssee-Mure database (Odyssee-Mure, 2017), between 2000 and 2014 the energy efficiency of Portuguese households has improved by over 20%; though in 2019 Portugal still had the second highest percentage of population living in dwellings with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames or floor in the EU (24.4%) (Eurostat, 2021a). Renovation rates of residential buildings, considering light renovations, were as high as 2% per year between 1990 and 2005, which contribute to this energy efficiency improvement (Bernardo, 2015). Nevertheless, national statistics from the last 10 years show a very low deep renovation/reconstruction rate of buildings around 0.012% per year (INE, 2019) indicating a need for increased focus on energy efficiency improvement for buildings.</p> <p>A total of 1,779,214 residential Energy Performance Certificates in Portugal has been issued to date (ADENE, 2021a). Of the homes that had a certificate issued between 2014 and 2020 (ADENE, 2021b), 11.9% have an A rating, the maximum energy efficiency level, while 17.5% and 23% have the B and C ratings respectively. The majority of certificates in the analyzed sample, about 47.7%, are still rated D or lower. Figure 2 shows the number of Energy Performance Certificates for residential dwellings issued per year. The percentage of certificates issued between 2014 and 2020, per energy rating, is displayed in Figure 3.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-02/Figure%202.png?itok=zVqWHUYd" width="1200" height="632" alt="Figure 2 - Number of Energy Performance Certificates for dwellings in Portugal issued per year" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2 - Number of Energy Performance Certificates for dwellings in Portugal issued per year (Adapted from ADENE, 2021a)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-02/Figure%203.png?itok=q30k7Ee6" width="1200" height="759" alt="Figure 3 – Percentage of Energy Performance Certificates issued from 2014 to 2020 for dwellings in Portugal, per energy rating" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 3 – Percentage of Energy Performance Certificates issued from 2014 to 2020 for dwellings in Portugal, per energy rating (Adapted from ADENE, 2021b)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>It is relevant to point out that some of the older buildings have a historical and architectural value that, according to the legislation, has to be preserved; this is frequently a constraint to the implementation of several thermal improvement measures (Magalhães and Freitas, 2017). In some regions of the country, the restrictions are even tighter, as the constructers must not only maintain the façade of the buildings, but also follow the traditional regional construction procedures and building materials.</p> <p>While Portuguese homes are not energy efficient, they also have among the lowest energy consumption rates in the EU, both in aggregate and per capita. In 2019, Portugal had the second lowest final energy consumption per capita in the residential sector in the EU, with 11.8 GJ, behind only Malta (Eurostat, 2021b), although it has been increasing consistently since 1990, from a value of 6.5%, an increase of around 84% (PORDATA, 2021). According to DGEG (2021), from 2010 to 2017, residential energy consumption from oil products, diesel for heating, and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) decreased 38%, while natural gas and electricity consumption dropped respectively 16% and 13%. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption increased 11% over the same period, highlighting an effort towards decarbonization. For heating, the country also registered the second lowest share of final energy consumption for space heating in the households in 2018, 28.2%, considerably below the EU average of 63.6% and the value for other southern European countries such as Spain (43.1%), Italy (66.6%) and Greece (54.5%) (Eurostat, 2021c). In Portugal, the share of final energy consumption for space cooling stands at 0.6%, higher than the EU average of 0.3%, but lower than the aforementioned countries, which present shares of 1.0%, 0.7% and 3.6% for Spain, Italy, and Greece respectively (Eurostat, 2021c). Nevertheless, the ownership of decentralized, low-efficiency HVAC systems such as portable electric oil heaters and fireplaces is still very common in Portugal while households have low ownership rates of space cooling systems, at only 15.7% (INE, 2017). For cooling, the low ownership might explain the small consumption rates, whereas for heating, low use is a major factor behind low consumption levels, as ownership rates are close to 100% and most equipment has low efficiency (INE, 2017).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Perspective on Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in the policy debate of Portugal</strong></h2> <p>Improving the energy efficiency of the housing stock is deemed a policy priority by the Portuguese government for decreasing energy poverty in the country, as stated in the National Energy and Climate Plan (Portuguese Republic, 2019a) and the Carbon Neutrality Roadmap for 2050 (Portuguese Republic, 2019b). The government has approved the Long-term Plan for the Renovation of Buildings (Portuguese Republic, 2021), which highlights the need for considerable investment for improving the building stock fabric to tackle energy poverty, as well as setting guidelines to achieve this goal. There are already several policy measures and schemes implemented with the goal of increasing energy efficiency of the building stock in Portugal. Under the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, the Energy Efficiency Fund launched a program called “<a href="https://www.pnaee.pt/aviso-25/">Aviso 25</a>”, to finance up to 60% of energy efficiency measures for residential and service buildings, including the installation of efficient solar water heating systems. This is a non-repayable grant scheme, using finance from the Energy Efficiency Fund of 1.55M € for the residential sector, but it is not specifically targeted to energy-poor households. It prioritizes older buildings, which have the best opportunity for energy efficiency improvement (regarding the existing building envelope and lighting solutions, as well as the electricity consumption) and primary energy savings (NEEAP, 2020). This is a yearly recurring financing program but currently it has been discontinued.</p> <p>Soft loan-based schemes for building renovation are currently implemented at a national level, such as <em>Casa Eficiente</em> (Portuguese Republic, 2020a) and IFFRU (Portuguese Republic, 2020b). All homeowners, and renters with permission from the owner, can apply to <em>Casa Eficiente</em>. This program supports projects that include works aimed at improving the environmental performance of dwellings. The interventions covered by the program aim to boost energy efficiency, the use of renewable energies, increased water efficiency and improved environmental performance. Interventions such as the application of thermal insulation in walls, replacement of frames, optimization of elevators, installation of solar photovoltaic panels, installation of solar thermal systems, acquisition of appliances of high energy and water efficiency can be covered. On other hand, IFFRU targets buildings 30 years old or older, and in a precarious conservation state, also supporting building envelope renovations, HVAC systems replacement and renewable energy systems installation, through soft loans.</p> <p>Whilst most energy efficiency measures offered by the national regulatory authority and the state do not provide extra benefits to vulnerable consumers, Portuguese low-income homes may benefit through programmes promoting improvements in vulnerable households, disadvantaged communities and social neighbourhoods. These schemes are nationally funded, but regulated on the regional, municipal and social neighbourhood levels. In general, Portugal has provided several different avenues for home improvements of vulnerable households on the national level, with municipalities being able to apportion their budgets to measures they wish to promote within their territories (Kyprianou et al., 2019). Examples of these schemes are the “<a href="https://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/1.%C2%BA-direito">1º Direito</a>” and “<a href="https://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/reabilitar-para-arrendar-_-habitacao-acessivel">Reabilitar para Arrendar</a>” at the national level, and “<a href="http://www.cm-amadora.pt/images/TERRITORIO/REABILITACAO_URBANA/PDF/guia_habitacao_julho2015.pdf">Reabilita+</a>” and “<a href="http://reaviva.sintra.pt/">Reaviva Sintra</a>” at the municipal level; these target precarious buildings, aiming to improve housing habitability and living conditions through grants and loans, since they particularly, in vulnerable neighbourhoods.</p> <p>In September 2020, a new financing scheme designated “Support Programme for More Sustainable Buildings” was implemented, as part of the government’s Economic and Social Stabilization Program, aiming to improve buildings’ energy performance. This scheme has a budget of 4.5M € to provide non-refundable subsidies to energy efficiency projects, financing 70% of building fabric interventions, HVAC systems replacement and hydric efficiency (Portuguese Republic, 2020c).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research Perspective on Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock in Portugal</strong></h2> <p>There are several studies focusing on the characterization and prediction of the energy performance and consumption of the Portuguese building stock, without focusing particularly on the impact of energy efficiency measures. Gouveia et al. (2015), Gouveia and Seixas (2016), Gouveia et al. (2017), and Gouveia et al. (2018) worked with smart meter data for analyzing electricity consumption profiles, space heating and cooling habits and for identifying energy-poor consumers in Portuguese dwellings in the city of Évora. Also using smart meter data, as well as surveys, Viegas et al. (2016) developed a methodology to classify electricity consumers. Moreover, Magalhães and Leal (2014) analyzed the national nominal energy needs for space heating and cooling and domestic hot water of energy performance certificates and compared it to the actual energy use. Vasconcelos et al. (2015) defined archetypal representative buildings of the Portuguese stock, also using energy performance certificate data. Fonseca and Panão (2017) and Panão and Brito (2018) estimated respectively the space heating and cooling energy demand and primary energy and the hourly electricity consumption for a sample of Portuguese residential buildings. Figueiredo et al. (2020) estimated the Portuguese building stock’s residential electricity demand in 2050.</p> <p>Another group of studies analyze energy efficiency measures and scenarios and their impact on energy needs and consumption. Palma et al. (2019) calculated the gap between theoretical energy consumption for thermal comfort and real energy consumption of the dwelling stock for all 3092 civil parishes in Portugal, considering different scenarios of indoor conditioned area and occupancy schedules. The reduction of the conditioned area and heating and cooling hours highlighted the civil parishes in the north and center inland regions as the ones with the higher gaps, potentially linked to energy poverty vulnerability in the population of those regions. Gouveia and Palma (2019) assessed the effect of energy efficiency measures by applying a bottom-up building typology approach to evaluate the impact of retrofitting interventions on the regional dwelling stock energy needs, also estimating heating and cooling energy performance gaps and the potential carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the gaps’ potential offset by increased thermal comfort. The authors state that without improving efficiency, offsetting the gap would significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. The authors identified the dwellings in the island of Madeira as being the most energy inefficient in Portugal, whereas the dwellings in the northern regions of Cávado and Terras de Trás-os-Montes present the better performing building fabric and elements. The roof was identified as the building element with the highest potential for energy needs reduction through retrofit. In the Long-term Strategy for Building Renovation (Portuguese Republic, 2021), the impact of energy retrofit and energy efficiency improvements to heating and cooling equipment on the primary energy consumption and thermal comfort of the households, as well as necessary investment cost were estimated, per type of building. While this entry primarily concerns residential buildings, the study found that the highest primary estimated energy savings are observed in public buildings for health and sports typologies and the greatest total estimated amount of energy that could be saved pertains to commercial building stock, followed by multifamily residential building stock from 1960 to 1980.</p> <p>Palma et al. (2021) assessed the cost effectiveness of different energy retrofit scenarios for reducing the Portuguese dwelling stock energy needs for space heating and cooling, at regional level. Gouveia et al. (2021) using a positive energy district framework model showed an opportunity for historic districts to reduce their emissions and mitigate energy poverty. The historic district of Alfama, in the city of Lisbon (Portugal), was used as case study to show how energy efficiency measures in households may reduce energy needs, increasing thermal comfort while mitigating energy poverty. The potential annual energy demand reduction due to building retrofit was estimated  at 82% and 19% for space heating and space cooling respectively.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>ADENE (2021a). 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Energy, 107, 804–817. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.04.065">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.04.065</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Gouveia, J.P. and Palma, P. (2021) Energy efficiency of the housing stock in Portugal, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Sun, 14 Feb 2021 22:28:03 +0000 ute.dubois 233 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-efficiency-housing-stock-portugal#comments Best Practices in Portugal http://www.eppedia.eu/article/best-practices-portugal <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Best Practices in Portugal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/gouveia-joao-pedro" hreflang="en">Gouveia João Pedro </a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/palma-pedro" hreflang="en">Palma Pedro</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Sun, 02/14/2021 - 21:54</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * 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--> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-03T12:00:00Z">2021.02.03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/94" hreflang="en">Best practices</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/127" hreflang="en">Civil society initiatives</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-02/Gouveia%20and%20Palma_2021_Best%20practices%20in%20Portugal_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=100789" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Gouveia &amp; Palma_2021_Best practices in Portugal_EP-pedia</a></span><span class="file-size">98.43 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on Best Practices in the Policy Debate in Portugal</strong></h2> <p>In Portugal, the current best practices for combatting energy poverty from the policy side pertain to the implementation of identified measures to support vulnerable households, such as the automatic attribution of social electricity and natural gas tariffs, reduction of VAT taxes on energy prices and delay of energy disconnections. In the near future, in the context of Portugal's pandemic-related Recovery and Resilience Plan, the government is allocating part of the 400 million euro of the national budget aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the building stock specifically for energy poverty vouchers, to be distributed to vulnerable families.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Perspective on Best Practices in Civil Society in Portugal</strong></h2> <p>The social non-governmental organization Just a Change Association (JAC) (Just a Change, 2020) mobilizes volunteers to work on the rehabilitation of houses in precarious conservation states, among those belonging to vulnerable consumers across Portugal. It leads projects for solving housing poverty, with a track record of 262 renovated houses and social institutions of poor and vulnerable families and individuals, under a volunteer scheme running across Portugal. JAC has so far helped 4600 beneficiaries, families and social institutions users, and mobilized more than 5000 volunteers.</p> <p>The national energy cooperative Coopérnico (Coopérnico, 2020) commercializes electricity at lower prices and invests, through its members, in decentralized photovoltaic projects that produce electricity for the owner and the surplus is sold to grid.</p> <p>Furthermore, the Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE) of NOVA University of Lisbon (FCT-NOVA), jointly with Coopérnico and Just a Change, co-branded the ENERGY ACTION Project on Energy Efficiency Tips in Portuguese that were disseminated on online social media. Tips include recommendations for the use of space heating and cooling, lighting, water heating, and appliances, and are particularly useful for the reduction of energy consumption and, indirectly, to mitigate energy poverty.</p> <p>Several Portuguese entities working on energy topics (i.e. CENSE-FCT-NOVA, DECO, RNAE, Lisboa E-Nova, AdePorto, ADENE, ERSE, INESC TEC, DGC, DGEG and S. Energia) took part in supporting the Energy Efficiency Roadshow initiative from the European Commission held in Lisbon and Oporto (October 2018). This roadshow featured an interactive exhibition with tips on how to save on energy bills. More than 4000 visited the roadshow truck in Portugal, with over 11,000 people participating in other EU countries. In November 2020, in the scope of the H2020 European project STEP (Solutions to Tackle Energy Poverty), the Portuguese Association for Consumer Protection (DECO) created an office to provide personalized advise to consumers on energy management and efficiency, aiming to tackle energy poverty (Público, 2020).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on Best Practices in Portugal </strong></h2> <p>There are only a few projects in Portugal directly addressing energy poverty beyond the social support schemes and initiatives conducted by social NGOs. The Portuguese Energy Agency (ADENE) was the promoter of the project Ligar – Energy for All (ADENE, 2020), which ran from 2017 to 2019, with several national entities (e.g. FCT-NOVA, ICS, Sair da Casca) as partners. The project had the ultimate objective of making vulnerable consumers aware of the importance of energy efficiency, giving them information on best practices and measures that could be implemented to reduce their energy bills. The project encompassed the identification of 10 hotspot regions for action across the country, using the Energy Poverty Vulnerability Composite Index (Gouveia et al., 2018), followed by interviews with 100 (10 per region) of the most vulnerable households (Horta et al., 2018). Based on this work, local initiatives for capacity building and fostering energy efficiency actions were developed with local stakeholders.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>ADENE. (2020). Projeto [Project]. Ligar – Energia para Todos [Ligar - Energy for All]. Available at: <a href="https://ligar.adene.pt">https://ligar.adene.pt</a></p> <p>Coopernico. (2020). Quem Somos [Who We Are]. Available at: <a href="https://www.coopernico.org/pt/about#team">https://www.coopernico.org/pt/about#team</a></p> <p>ENERGY ACTION (2018) Energy Efficiency Tips(in Portuguese) <a href="https://www.facebook.com/1435339146718081/posts/2107263526192303/">https://www.facebook.com/1435339146718081/posts/2107263526192303/</a></p> <p>Gouveia J.P., Seixas, J., Palma, P., Simoes, S. (2018). Mapeamento da Pobreza Energética em Portugal. LIGAR – Eficiência energética para todos. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. ADENE – Agência para a Energia. Lisboa. Available at: <a href="https://ligar.adene.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Relat%C3%B3rio-ICS_LIGAR_vs-final.pdf">https://ligar.adene.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Relat%C3%B3rio-ICS_LIGAR_vs-final.pdf</a> (in Portuguese)</p> <p>Horta, A., Sousa, J.C, Schmidt (2018).  Caracterização dos consumidores vulneráveis: relatório final. LIGAR – Eficiência energética para todos. Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa. Available at: <a href="https://ligar.adene.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Relatório-ICS_LIGAR_vs-final.pdf">https://ligar.adene.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Relatório-ICS_LIGAR_vs-final.pdf</a> (in Portuguese)</p> <p>Jornal Económico (2018). <a href="https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/comissao-europeia-faz-roadshow-para-ajudar-os-portugueses-a-pouparem-na-energia-359410">https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/comissao-europeia-faz-roadshow-para-ajudar-os-portugueses-a-pouparem-na-energia-359410</a></p> <p>Just a Change. (2020). Sobre Nós [About Us]. Available at: <a href="https://www.justachange.pt/">https://www.justachange.pt/</a></p> <p>Público. (2020). Deco cria gabinete de aconselhamento gratuito sobre energia [Deco creates free advising office about energy]. Available at: <a href="https://www.publico.pt/2020/11/05/economia/noticia/deco-cria-gabinete-aconselhamento-gratuito-energia-1938064">https://www.publico.pt/2020/11/05/economia/noticia/deco-cria-gabinete-aconselhamento-gratuito-energia-1938064</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Gouveia, J.P. and Palma, P. (2021) Best practices in Portugal. <em>EP-pedia, Engager COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Sun, 14 Feb 2021 21:54:22 +0000 ute.dubois 232 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/best-practices-portugal#comments Energy Poverty in Finland http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-finland <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Energy Poverty in Finland</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/castano-rosa-raul" hreflang="en">Castaño-Rosa Raúl</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Sun, 01/31/2021 - 09:02</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/111" hreflang="en">University Carlos III of Madrid (Spain)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/112" hreflang="en">Tampere University (Finland)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-31T12:00:00Z">2021.01.31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-31T12:00:00Z">2021.01.31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/91" hreflang="en">Summer energy poverty</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/31" hreflang="en">Climate change</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-01/Casta%C3%B1o-Rosa_2021_energy%20poverty%20in%20Finland_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=195963" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Castano-Rosa_2021_energy poverty in Finland</a></span><span class="file-size">191.37 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on energy poverty in the policy debate of Finland</strong></h2> <p>Energy poverty (EP) has been hardly studied in Finland, mainly due to a lack of research data, leading it to be partly hidden as a phenomenon. Thus, EP is not formally mentioned in the public debate in Finland, nor is there any definition of or approach to EP within policymaking. This is also mainly because current indicators used to analyse EP are inadequate for application in the Finnish context; Figure 1 shows that, according the selected indicator ("Inability to keep home adequately warm"), in 2016, only 1.7% of population are in EP in Finland, in contrast to Bulgaria (39.2%), Lithuania (29.3%), Portugal (22.5%) and Spain (10.1%). However, over 75.9% of households were unable to keep their home comfortably cool in Finland in 2012 (secondary indicator according to the EPOV) (European Commission, 2018), mainly due to existing housing stock characteristics (Castaño-Rosa, R. Pelsmakers &amp; Sukanen, 2020). So, though few Finnish households report have trouble keeping adequately warm, three quarters say they cannot keep their homes cool enough, showing that EP is a multiple-factor issue that cannot be assessed by using current indicators across all European countries (i.e. primary indicators according to the EPOV) (European Commission, 2018). Rather it requires special attention depending on the studied country.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%201_1.png?itok=mi6-K0Dh" width="1200" height="1031" alt="Figure 1: Inability to keep home adequately warm" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1: Inability to keep home adequately warm in 2016 (Source: EU Energy Poverty Observatory).</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>In 2013, the Ministry of Environment examined the importance of EP in Finland, concluding that only a small proportion of households are energy poor in Finland (Oja et al., 2013). This is why Finland does not have national objectives or strategies with regards to EP, meaning that prevention and mitigation of EP is subsumed in general social policy.</p> <p>In a first attempt to evaluate EP in the Finnish context, several European researches highlighted that the main factors which cause EP, and which need further research, are heating, ventilation and cooling issues (Boemi &amp; Papadopoulos, 2019); high energy prices (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2018); living in large energy inefficient dwellings (Ortiz et al., 2019); living outside urban areas (Openex network, 2019); households where individuals have multiple disabilities (Aristondo &amp; Onaindia, 2018); and low-income households (Meyer et al., 2018). In Finland, the symptoms of EP are mainly dealt with through various financial support mechanisms, such as social loans, sickness insurance, transfers for the poorest households, etc. Such mechanisms do not tackle the actual causes of EP nor its future impacts (e.g. increase of energy prices and cooling energy demand, impacts on health and well-being, etc.) (Castaño-Rosa, R. Pelsmakers &amp; Sukanen, 2020).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on energy poverty in Finland</strong></h2> <p>Energy poverty (EP), <em>the inability of an individual to secure a materially and socially needed level of energy service in the home </em>(Bouzarovski &amp; Petrova, 2015)<em>, </em>has traditionally been assumed to be a problem of countries with severe winters and low-income households living in poor quality buildings. But the health and wellbeing impacts of increasing summer temperatures due to climate change has led to summertime EP being considered (Castaño-Rosa et al., 2020).</p> <p>While a changing climate is likely to reduce EP vulnerability in winter, there is increasing concern that it will increase vulnerability in summer due to hotter summer periods: recent summer heatwaves experienced in Europe consistently exceeded previous summer temperature records. In the Nordic region, buildings have traditionally been designed for cold winters, and the Nordic region is therefore expected to be particularly affected by warmer summers; for example, in summer 2012, 75.9% to 92.8% of households were unable to keep comfortably cool in Finland and Sweden, respectively (secondary indicator of energy poverty according to the EPOV) (European Commission, 2018). But this indicator is no longer collected, leaving it more difficult to recognize or monitor summer energy poverty, despite the fact these cooling problems are expected to increase due to climate change.</p> <p class="BodytextIndented">Figure 2 shows the projected impact of climate change on future cooling energy demand increases across Finland: the Southwest areas of Finland will be the most affected (increase of 300% to 400% of 2010 values by 2100), representing those areas that are most vulnerable to climate change and, as expected, likely increased summer energy poverty if housing and cooling system quality remains the same. As such, policymakers should pay special attention when designing new cities and building policies and regulations, given that current building stock characteristics and urban composition are likely to increase the exposure of people to certain vulnerabilities, such as building overheating.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%202.jpg?itok=9CyDWJWW" width="1200" height="709" alt="Figure 2. Climate change impact on cooling energy demand in Finland" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2. Climate change impact on cooling energy demand in Finland (Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2019).</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p class="BodytextIndented">The issue of increased summertime overheating (by means of excess indoor temperatures), and EP vulnerability is not just a matter of increased energy consumption or CO2 emissions, but a public health issue. For example, the most vulnerable people spend most of their time at home, living with high indoor temperatures in the summer (caused by building overheating) and poor indoor air quality (due to inadequate ventilation systems), leading to different physical and mental health issues, such as heat stroke, fatigue, decreased ability to concentrate and social exclusion – e.g. people feel ashamed to invite others at their home. In the worst case-scenario mortality rates are increased, particularly for the elderly, children disabled people or pregnant women (Pilli-Sihvola et al., 2018).</p> <p class="Bodytext">EP is a multidimensional issue in all European countries and the root of this issue differs from country to country, so that each country should develop new strategies and policies to address EP. In Finland, there is no definition and/or plan to understand EP vulnerability because it has not been recognized as a problem in winter, according to current EP indicators. However, summer EP is identified as a significant issue now, and in a future changing climate (Castaño-Rosa, R. Pelsmakers &amp; Sukanen, 2020). Hence, this work argues for a new more holistic and Finland-specific approach to better understand EP vulnerability in the Finnish context, especially because of the hooter summer temperatures expected due to climate change.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Aristondo, O., &amp; Onaindia, E. (2018). Inequality of energy poverty between groups in Spain. Energy, 153, 431–442. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.029">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.029</a></p> <p>Boemi, S.-N., &amp; Papadopoulos, A. M. (2019). Energy poverty and energy efficiency improvements: A longitudinal approach of the Hellenic households. Energy and Buildings, 197, 242–250. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.027">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.027</a></p> <p>Bouzarovski, S., &amp; Petrova, S. (2015). A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty-fuel poverty binary. Energy Research and Social Science, 10(10), 31-40. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007</a></p> <p>Castaño-Rosa, R. Pelsmakers, S., &amp; Sukanen, H. (2020). Rethinking the building environment: climate change mitigation and adaptation in a Nordic climate. Beyond 2020. World Sustainable Built Environment Conference, 6.</p> <p>Castaño-Rosa, R., Solís-Guzmán, J., &amp; Marrero, M. (2020). Energy poverty goes south? Understanding the costs of energy poverty with the index of vulnerable homes in Spain. Energy Research &amp; Social Science, 60, 101325. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101325">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101325</a></p> <p>European Commission. (2018). EU Energy Poverty Observatory (CN ENER/B3/SER/2015-507/SI2.742529). <a href="https://www.energypoverty.eu/">https://www.energypoverty.eu/</a></p> <p>Finnish Meteorological Institute. (n.d.). Climate guide.fi. Climate and Impacts. Retrieved November 24, 2019, from <a href="https://ilmasto-opas.fi/en/datat/vaikutukset#SykeDataPlace:vaikutukset">https://ilmasto-opas.fi/en/datat/vaikutukset#SykeDataPlace:vaikutukset</a></p> <p>International Energy Agency (IEA). (2018). Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Finland 2018 Review. <a href="https://webstore.iea.org/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-finland-2018-review">https://webstore.iea.org/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-finland-2018-review</a></p> <p>Meyer, S., Laurence, H., Bart, D., Lucie, M., &amp; Kevin, M. (2018). Capturing the multifaceted nature of energy poverty: Lessons from Belgium. Energy Research &amp; Social Science, 40, 273–283. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.017">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.017</a></p> <p>Oja, L., Vaahtera, A., Vehviläinen, L., Ahvenharju, S., &amp; Hakala, L. (2013). Household energy costs: Energy poverty report. <a href="https://doi.org/978-952-11-4205-5">https://doi.org/978-952-11-4205-5</a></p> <p>Openex network. (2019). European Energy Poverty Index (EEPI). <a href="http://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/publications/european-energy-poverty-index-eep-i">http://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/publications/european-energy-poverty-index-eep-i</a></p> <p>Ortiz, J., Casquero-Modrego, N., &amp; Salom, J. (2019). Health and related economic effects of residential energy retrofitting in Spain. Energy Policy, 130, 375–388. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.013">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.013</a></p> <p>Pilli-Sihvola, K., Harjanne, A., &amp; Haavisto, R. (2018). Adaptation by the least vulnerable: Managing climate and disaster risks in Finland. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 1266–1275. <a href="https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.12.004">https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.12.004</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Castaño-Rosa, R. (2021). Energy poverty in Finland. EP-pedia, <em>ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Sun, 31 Jan 2021 09:02:16 +0000 ute.dubois 229 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-finland#comments