Measurement http://www.eppedia.eu/ en Perspectives on Energy Poverty in Turkey http://www.eppedia.eu/article/perspectives-energy-poverty-turkey <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Perspectives on Energy Poverty in Turkey</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/ucal-meltem" hreflang="en">Ucal Meltem</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 05/10/2021 - 10:04</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/138" hreflang="en">Department of Economics, Center for Energy and Sustainable Development, Kadir Has University (Türkiye)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-05-10T12:00:00Z">2021.05.10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Definition</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-05/Ucal_2021_Perspectives%20on%20energy%20poverty%20in%20Turkey_EP-pedia%20website.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=151125" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Ucal_2021_Perspectives on EP in Turkey_EP-pedia website</a></span><span class="file-size">147.58 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on energy poverty in the policy debate</strong></h2> <p>Given the fact that energy poverty started to be discussed in the UK at the end of 1970s, Turkey is considered to have recently joined this debate mostly through academia, energy experts and union of chambers of Turkish engineers. In 2012, the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects (TMMOB) reported that energy poverty arose as an urban problem in Turkey. According to Seyhan Erdoğdu, who made a presentation in the 8th Energy Symposium held by TMMOB, energy poverty has gradually become prevalent in Turkey and the most important problem in Turkey is the lack of sufficient affordable electricity. Therefore, she emphasized the importance of the welfare system and publicity on this subject in Turkey (TMMOB 8th Energy Symposium, 2012).</p> <p>In 2015, Barış Sanlı, who is an energy expert from Bilkent University Energy Policies Research Center, and others argued that Turkey's first action should be building a framework on the subject of energy poverty (Sanlı et al., 2015). According to him, the first task being to determine energy poverty criteria so as to gain insight into the characteristics of the energy poor. Since the criteria for being identified as energy/fuel poor have not yet been determined in Turkey and since official statistics regarding energy poverty situation in Turkey are published by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) in compliance with the EU definitions of energy poverty, a future framework for targeting/identifying energy-poor people might rest on low-income groups and those who have green cards, which are used by deprived people who have no social insurance and adequate income. The green card enables people to access to health services (Cumhuriyet newspaper, 2019) with energy consumption below a certain threshold. Those who are poor and have no insurance can benefit from the green card system under the condition that these people provide evidence about their income to the government (The Council of Europe, n.d.). Besides his suggestions, Sanlı et al. (2015) highlights that law should become prominent in drawing a legal framework in the country.</p> <p>At this point, Sanlı et al. (2015) mention the importance of setting an objective for energy poverty policies. The main questions relevant in doing so are related to identifying the beneficiaries of energy poverty policies, combining energy poverty measures with other policies and types of energy to be included in the framework (Sanlı et al., 2015). According to Sanlı et al.’s (2015) argument, subsidies should not be given to those who need energy assistance for more than two years and it should be targeted that these people will break their way out of energy poverty in the meantime. The main objective should be to lower the number of people who need energy assistance instead of focusing on managing energy poverty in the long run</p> <p>While considering how to subsidize energy use for those who need it, village schools and hospitals might also be included in this framework because these are the public buildings that are currently most used by the population. Choosing the right schools and hospitals for these subsidies is essential, so it is important to filter based on very low-income regions. In some of these regions, there are students who cannot do their homework because they are cold or who cannot listen to their teachers at schools. Such situations put low-income students at a disadvantage in their educational development. In addition, there are also patients who are not income-poor but have to maintain his/her life with a respiratory equipment (Sanlı et al., 2015). Therefore, according to them, these people, though not income-poor, need more energy and thereby, are regarded as vulnerable customers in Turkey. Since Regulation of the Customer Service does not define who are vulnerable to energy poverty in Turkey, they think that “vulnerable customers” who are subscribed to electricity and natural gas would be better to be defined by authorities in this regulation.</p> <p>An energy poverty framework that is integrated into the existing policies in energy and other domains will be much more successful than frameworks that are not. For instance, after providing some coal in one year, government could provide necessary materials for insulation to those who need energy at their homes following year. But the basic problem is to respond to the question about which energy sources will be supported. Is it electricity, coal or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)? Thus, the Turkish energy poverty debate should focus on the following topics:</p> <ul> <li>Drawing an ‘energy poverty’ framework;</li> <li>Deciding the groups which cost the most to the health sector in cold periods from among who are ill and elderly in terms of adequate heating;</li> <li>Including schools and hospitals, which are used by the groups mentioned above;</li> <li>Creating action plans to help energy-poor people escape from energy poverty problems (through energy efficiency support programmes);</li> <li>Monitoring the energy poverty support system through quantitative and surveys and finally,</li> <li>Calculating the efficacy of government fuel allowances on total public expenditures which consist of all of the expenditures made by the government and in this way, deciding on the continuation of the program mentioned in previous steps by the policymakers in the country (Sanlı et al., 2015).</li> </ul> <p>In 2017, Turkey’s The Economic Policy Research Foundation (TEPAV) reported on energy dialogue between the European Union and Turkey again emphasized the importance of the topic of energy poverty (Vladimirov and Ozenc , 2017). The EU and Turkey have closely intertwined energy policies regarding common energy security positions and challenges, so it is valuable to create policy synergy and deeper integration between the two areas. The report, prepared in coordination with Center for the Study of Democracy and Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), characterized energy poverty as a “wide-spread phenomenon” even while living standards had substantially improved since the early 2000s. The European Union provides some measures such as the promotion of energy efficiency and social benefits for vulnerable groups in order to deal with high levels of energy poverty. Energy poverty can stem from low levels of energy security. Turkey’s energy consumption has increased in the last decade due to expansion of its economic performance and to increasing population. Therefore, it is predicted that the country’s supply of natural gas may shorten in the future due to increased demand. Therefore, careful policies and rigorous implementation will be required to avoid sharp increases in energy poverty. Otherwise, Turkey will experience energy poverty as a top energy security risk in the region with its pervasive political and economic implications (Vladimirov and Ozenc, 2017).</p> <p>The Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB, 2019, p.25) argues that an increase in energy efficiency measures leads to a decline in household energy spending levels. This is especially the case for CEB target countries, including Turkey. They estimate that the same increase in energy efficiency measures (energy efficiency index) leads to 1.15% decrease in energy spending levels in these countries, and to a 0.21% decline in energy poverty rates, which is measured by the percentage of people who cannot keep their home adequately warm.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on energy poverty</strong></h2> <p><strong>Quantification of Energy Poverty in Turkey</strong></p> <p>Anadolu Agency (2014) reported that Turkey’s then energy minister highlighted the importance of efficient energy use for eliminating the problem of energy poverty. According to the report, Turkey has a potential for saving up to $15 billion each year in its energy bills. However, the country still has a long way to go. Adopting policies that help develop wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal and cleaner biomass resources such as agricultural wastes (Calik, 2019) for the country is especially important to reducing the risk of energy poverty.</p> <p>The 2017 TEPAV report estimates (Vladimirov and Ozenc, 2017: 8) that over 40% of Turkey’s population are energy-poor and more than 50% still use wood and solid fuels so as to heat their homes. In part due this combustion of fossil fuels, Turkey has the worst air pollution levels among all OECD countries. Though they do not define energy poverty explicitly, they approach this issue in terms of “uninterrupted availability of energy resources sufficient to meet energy consumption demand at affordable prices” (TEPAV, 2017: 23). Energy security, energy poverty and energy dependency are the terms, which are used inter-relatedly. Focusing on energy efficiency and on developing alternatives to the inefficient fuels that predominate in energy poor households are very important options in the sense that they may lead to lower energy prices or at least check the rise of them. In this way, energy security risks for Turkey in the future can be reduced. Delivering clean, competitive and secure energy can all be aligned with these options.</p> <p>In addition to the data above, Eurostat data also shows energy poverty situation of Turkey compared to the other countries in the European Union and Euro Area. In the EU, the percentage of population living in homes unable to keep their home adequately warm ranges from 0.3% to 30.1% with only 4 out of 33 EU or Euro Area countries having higher rates of Turkey in 2019. In 2006, the percentage of population living in homes unable to keep their home adequately warm ranges from 0.6% to 69.5% in EU or Euro Area countries with only 2 out of 29 countries having higher rates than Turkey. EUROSTAT (2020) data refer to income situation in relation to the risk of poverty threshold and show the development of poverty and social inclusion in the EU as well as in Turkey. Data for Turkey are available starting in 2006. The reason for showing the data for both Turkey and some of the EU countries is because we would like to highlight the fact that there is really a huge difference between these countries and Turkey in terms of percentage of energy poverty. On the other hand, energy poverty levels in Greece are quite like Turkey’s energy poverty levels. For instance, in 2019, the percentage of population unable to keep home adequately warm by poverty status was 17.9% in Greece while the percentage of population unable to keep home adequately warm was 19.2% in Turkey in the same year. It is also important to note that Turkey’s percentage of energy poverty, defined as the inability to keep home adequately warm, is lower than that of Bulgaria. For example, while this percentage was 30.1% in Bulgaria in 2019, the percentage was 19.2% in Turkey for the same year.</p> <p>There are also books, articles, reports and blogs outside of Turkey which include Turkey in their discussions of the issue of energy poverty. They also refer concrete policies to deal with the problem. A list of studies follows.</p> <ul> <li>Atiyas et al. (2012) point out that the reasons behind the problems of energy poverty and affordability in Turkey are unequal distribution of income and regional dimensions of this inequality. They emphasize the importance of a direct policy to solve energy poverty and affordability issues. They also argue that tackling energy poverty through cross subsidies across consumer groups is not efficient because income inequality is very high in Turkey and any upward adjustment in prices affects poor households. In the context of the implementation of electricity prices, cross subsidy is bearing some or all the cost for an activity, region or subscriber group by other activities, regions or subscriber groups.</li> <li>Bouzarovski et al. (2012) touch on the status of Turkey about energy poverty. According to this, Turkey gained the status of ‘observers’ in the Energy Community Treaty together with Norway and Georgia.</li> <li>Thomson et al. (2017) examine the relationship between health, well-being and energy poverty for 32 European countries, including Turkey. It was found that Turkey was among the countries with the highest prevalence of poor emotional well-being; in addition, the energy-poor population in these countries (including Turkey) have higher prevalence of poor well-being compared to non-energy poor population.</li> <li>In the blog of International Master programme in Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility by the university of Escuela de Organizacion Industrial (EOI), it is pointed out measures and policies about energy poverty in Europe. The blog points out that energy poverty significantly affects the south east of Europe, including Turkey. Proposed measures and policies can be divided into four categories. These are energy efficiency measures, information and awareness campaigns, financial interventions and additional consumer protection methods (Young, 2017).</li> </ul> <p>In the first part of this section, I reviewed the issue with relevant data, and I included Bouzarovski et al.’s (2012) and Thomson et al. ’s (2017) articles because their studies informed the readers about Turkey from abroad. Unfortunately, academic studies and national reports on energy poverty written in Turkey are limited. The paragraphs below summarize the research that is available.</p> <p>Kaygusuz (2011) examines energy services and energy poverty problems for sustainable rural development in developing countries, including in Turkey. The author defines energy poverty as “the absence of commercially supplied energy in a society”. The article mentioned that rural households in many countries, including Turkey, still use wood and other biomass fuels for their activities. The role of women in collecting and managing traditional fuels in these areas – and therefore the need to include a special focus on women in energy access programs – is especially highlighted in the article.</p> <p>It is worth considering Emeç et al.’s (2015) article since it focuses directly on energy poverty and analyses it for the first time in Turkey. Though an official definition for energy poverty does not exist in Turkey, the authors approached this issue within the context of household energy preferences. They establish a relationship between poverty and access to modern energy sources that are clean, sufficient and economic. According to their article, low-income people cannot reach modern energy sources. Qualified energy consumption (e.g., consuming clean, affordable, and sustainable energy sources) is associated with active, efficient and fair energy policies. Their argument is also notable in the context of raising awareness for energy efficiency policies, thereby renewable energy sources and energy justice.</p> <p>Eke (2018) discusses the importance of energy and energy poverty in the world, including Turkey. He also touches on the methods, which will be used in measuring energy poverty in the literature. He emphasizes the importance of low levels of income, energy inefficiency and rise of unit prices in energy as the main determinants of energy poverty as well as some problems which will be emerged as a result of energy poverty. He also examines social policies and intervention methods to alleviate energy poverty and emphasizes the importance of energy poverty in the context of Millennium Development Goals. In addition, case studies about energy poverty from various countries, including Turkey, appear in the book.</p> <p>Selcuk and Koktas (2018) estimate that in 2016, 22.3% of households in Turkey had heating issues in their homes, and that 24.2% of households could afford energy bills in 2016. These estimates were based on TURKSTAT Household Budget Surveys and were found to be nearly three times the level of the corresponding averages across the EU based on EU Income and Living Condition Surveys. and defined energy poverty regarding household energy consumption or inadequate warmth at homes. Their main aim is to point out energy poverty in Turkey and raise awareness for the need to tackle with this issue by comparing Turkey’s data with the EU countries.</p> <p>Kose (2019) examines the relationship between energy poverty and health using Turkish Statistical Institute's (TURKSTAT) nationally representative household survey data (i.e. Income and Living Conditions Survey) for 2014. The results suggest that health level of individuals is negatively affected by energy poverty in the country. In addition, physical deficiencies such as leaking roofs, damp walls etc. and insulation problems in houses negatively affect individual health status. It is also suggested that demographics and household-level factors have the main impact on individual health status rather than regional-level variables.</p> <p>Selcuk et al. (2019) examine the issue of energy poverty in Turkey. Their results suggest that about one-quarter of households are energy-poor in Turkey and nearly half of the households are at risk of facing energy poverty. They also found that household energy poverty decreased from 2003 to 2017.</p> <p>The Natural Gas Distribution Companies Association of Turkey explains what energy poverty is and refers to some data on energy poverty in the world and in Turkey. According to this report, TUIK states that housing and energy consumptions have decreased over time in Turkey. For instance, while households spent 29% of their income for housing and energy expenditures in 2008, they spent 24.8% of their total income for housing and energy expenditures in 2014. In other words, there is an improvement in these expenditures by 4.2%.</p> <p>According to the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, Turkey should decide whether to use traditionally used energy sources such as coal, wood, etc. or not. Renewable energy is called out as a more economically sustainable and less financial risky energy source. Since coal creates high levels of air pollution, renewable energy is also better for the environment and public health. Moreover, renewable energy can also alleviate energy poverty through the convergence of demand for capacity of energy use. Since the authors found that Turkey has not invested in renewable energy enough, their report also warns Turkey that the country may miss the opportunity to achieve energy transformation (Yenigün Dilek and Schlissel, 2016). Therefore the country needs to adapt to global energy transformation as done by China, India, and other emerging economies.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Anadolu Agency. (2014). Turkish minister: Efficient use prevents ‘energy poverty’. <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/archive/turkish-minister-efficient-use-prevents-energy-poverty/159947">https://www.aa.com.tr/en/archive/turkish-minister-efficient-use-prevents-energy-poverty/159947</a>.</p> <p>Atiyas, I., Çetin, T., &amp; Gulen, G. (2012). <em>Reforming Turkish energy markets: political economy, regulation and competition in the search for energy policy</em>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media.</p> <p>Bouzarovski, S., Petrova, S., &amp; Sarlamanov, R. (2012). Energy poverty policies in the EU: A critical perspective. <em>Energy Policy</em>, <em>49</em>, 76-82.</p> <p>Cumhuriyet newspaper. (2019). Yeşil Kart’a kimler sahip olabilir, nasıl çıkartılır ? <a href="https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/yesil-karta-kimler-sahip-olabilir-nasil-cikartilir-1572942">https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/yesil-karta-kimler-sahip-olabilir-nasil-cikartilir-1572942</a> [in Turkish].</p> <p>Calik, E.S. (2019). Turkey focuses on biomass from agricultural waste. Anadolu Agency. <a href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/renewable/turkey-focuses-on-biomass-from-agricultural-waste/27346">https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/renewable/turkey-focuses-on-biomass-from-agricultural-waste/27346</a></p> <p>Eke, E. (2018). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu. Tokat: Taşhan Kitap Yayınları. [book in Turkish].</p> <p>Emeç, H., Altay, A., Aslanpay, E., &amp; Özdemir, M. O. (2015). Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Enerji Tercihi Profili. <em>Finans Politik &amp; Ekonomik Yorumlar</em>, <em>52</em>(608), 9-13. [in Turkish].</p> <p>EUROSTAT. (2020). Population unable to keep home adequately warm by poverty status: % of population. Eurostat Data Browser. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_07_60/default/table?lang=en">https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/sdg_07_60/default/table?lang=en</a>. Accessed 22 November 2020.</p> <p>Kaygusuz, K. (2011). Energy services and energy poverty for sustainable rural development. <em>Renewable and sustainable energy reviews</em>, <em>15</em>(2), 936-947.</p> <p>Kose, T. (2019). Energy poverty and health: The Turkish case. <em>Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy</em>, <em>14</em>(5), 201-213.</p> <p>Köktaş, A., &amp; Selçuk, I. Ş. (2018). AB ve Türkiye'de Enerji Yoksulluğu. <em>Politik Ekonomik Kuram</em>, <em>2</em>(2), 95-108. [in Turkish]. </p> <p>Natural Gas Distribution Companies Association of Turkey (not dated). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu Görünümü. <a href="https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Dunyada_ve_Turkiye_de_Enerji_Yoksullugu_Gorunumu.pdf">https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Dunyada_ve_Turkiye_de_Enerji_Yoksullugu_Gorunumu.pdf</a>. Accessed 22 November 2020.[in Turkish].</p> <p>Sanlı, B., Dönmez, F. and Alanyalı, M. (2015). Türkiye Bağlamında Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Kırılgan Tüketici. <a href="http://www.barissanli.com/calismalar/2015/bsanli-donmez-alanyali-enerjiyoksullugu.pdf.">http://www.barissanli.com/calismalar/2015/bsanli-donmez-alanyali-enerjiyoksullugu.pdf.</a> Accessed 18 November 2020. [in Turkish].</p> <p>Selçuk, I. Ş., Gölçek, A. G., &amp; Köktaş, A. M. (2019). Energy Poverty in Turkey. <em>Sosyoekonomi</em>, <em>27</em>.</p> <p>The Council of Europe. (n.d.). Introduction of The Social Security System in Turkey. Online Document. <a href="https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent">https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent</a>? documentId=0900001680599155.</p> <p>The Council of Europe Development Bank. (2019). Energy Poverty in Europe: How Energy Efficiency and Renewables Can Help. <em>CEB Studies</em>, March 2019.</p> <p>Thomson, H., Snell, C., &amp; Bouzarovski, S. (2017). Health, well-being and energy poverty in Europe: A comparative study of 32 European countries. <em>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</em>, <em>14</em>(6), 584.</p> <p>TMMOB. (2012). Küresel Enerji Politikaları ve Türkiye. TMMOB 8. Enerji Sempozyumu. <a href="https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/dfde5f81bd3bd41_ek.pdf%20%5bin">https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/dfde5f81bd3bd41_ek.pdf [in</a> Turkish].</p> <p>Vladimirov, M. &amp; Ozenc, B. (2017). Towards a Stronger EU-Turkey Energy Dialogue Energy Security Perspectives &amp; Risks. The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey. <a href="https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1502195410-7.Towards_a_Stronger_EU__Turkey_Energy_Dialogue_Energy_Security_Perspectives_and_Risks.pdf">https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1502195410-7.Towards_a_Stronger_EU__Turkey_Energy_Dialogue_Energy_Security_Perspectives_and_Risks.pdf</a> Accessed 20 November 2020.</p> <p>Yenigün-Dilek, P., &amp; Schlissel, D. (2016). Turkey at a crossroads: Invest in the old energy economy or the new. <em>IEEFA-Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis</em>.</p> <p>Young, J. (2017). Energy Poverty in Europe: Measures and Policies. IMSD International Master in Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility. <a href="https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/energy-poverty-in-europe-measures-and-policies/">https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/energy-poverty-in-europe-measures-and-policies/</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Ucal, M. (2021) Perspectives on Energy Poverty in Turkey, EP-pedia Website</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 10 May 2021 10:04:17 +0000 ute.dubois 245 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/perspectives-energy-poverty-turkey#comments Sub-regional energy poverty indicators http://www.eppedia.eu/article/sub-regional-energy-poverty-indicators <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Sub-regional energy poverty indicators</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/robinson-caitlin" hreflang="en">Robinson Caitlin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Thu, 01/28/2021 - 18:31</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/123" hreflang="en">Geographic Data Science Lab, Department for Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool (United Kingdom)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field 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class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-28T12:00:00Z">2021.01.28</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Indicators</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/83" hreflang="en">Regional inequalities</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-01/Robinson_2021_Sub-regional%20indicators_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=474831" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Robinson_2021_Sub-regional energy poverty indicators</a></span><span class="file-size">463.7 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Sub-regional indicators are statistics disaggregated into units of a high spatial resolution (e.g. a city region or neighbourhood). Sub-regional indicators are increasingly applied to understand the geographic distribution of energy poverty. This entry explores the complex geography of energy poverty; the key challenges associated with indicator selection; potential indicators of symptoms and drivers; and the application of indicators in policy and beyond.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Energy inequalities between and within countries</strong></h2> <p>Spatial relations between, for example, people and the built environment, are central to politics and power (Massey, 2005). The spatial distribution of these relations mirror power relations in society; energy poverty is no exception (Sareen et al. 2020).</p> <p>Uneven power relations are reflected in the way in which energy poor households with similar characteristics and needs cluster geographically. Experience of energy poverty therefore varies between national contexts and is also <strong>spatially variable within countries</strong>, with uneven implications for different neighbourhoods and household types (Thomson et al. 2017). For example, in Central and Eastern European countries single-person households in sparsely-populated areas are more likely to struggle to afford energy bills owing to reliance on a single income (Karpinska and Smeich 2020). Meanwhile, in the United Kingdom (UK) privately rented dwellings concentrated in inner city areas are disproportionately inefficient, whilst tenants lack housing rights or access to retrofitting schemes (Cauvain and Bouzarovski, 2016).</p> <p>Uneven power relations are also reflected in the <strong>spatial unevenness of connectivity</strong>, within and between cities. This has led to a <em>splintering </em>(Graham and Marvin, 2001), and even <em>shrivelling</em> (L’Hostis, 2009) of space owing to material inequalities that exclude selected people and places - including inequalities in domestic energy. Such processes are especially relevant to energy poverty, given the integral role of networked infrastructures (e.g. gas or electricity networks). As a result, <strong>new energy peripheries</strong> have emerged where people are at greater risk of energy poverty due to uneven geographical development. Examples range from rural, off-grid communities in Wales that lack economic agglomeration advantages (Golubchikov and O’Sullivan, 2020) to minority Roma neighbourhoods in Romania and Israel, characterised by overcrowded, informal housing conditions (Teschner et al. 2020).</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Key challenges in designing sub-regional indicators</strong></h2> <p>There is a long history in the social sciences of using sub-regional quantitative indicators to represent the uneven spatial distribution of poverty, and increasingly of energy poverty. However, energy poverty has certain characteristics that complicate the design of indicators:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Energy poverty is multidimensional. </strong>This presents a challenge when considering how to aggregate multiple drivers into a single measure.</li> <li><strong>Energy poverty is a highly personal and private condition</strong><strong>. </strong>Many aspects can be difficult to represent using small area datasets.</li> <li><strong>Energy poverty data is constrained. </strong>This is especially the case for sub-regional datasets that represent energy poverty at a high spatial resolution, which are limited in many national contexts where detailed administrative data is not collected.</li> <li><strong>Hard to measure aspects of energy poverty can be silenced. </strong>During indicator selection, selected drivers or symptoms are often privileged (Sareen et al. 2020).</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Sub-regional indicators of symptoms and drivers</strong></h2> <p>Sub-regional indicators typically fall into two categories, representing the <em>symptoms</em> or <em>drivers</em> of energy poverty. A range of <strong>symptoms</strong> can be measured include low indoor temperatures, poor physical and mental health, high or low energy consumption, and debt. Analyses of symptoms tend to prioritise <strong>absolute measures</strong>. An absolute scale begins at a known minimum and progresses in only one direction. It is used when a true minimum is known to exist (e.g. 0-100%). Examples include EU-SILC indicators used by the EU Energy Poverty Observatory to monitor energy poverty (Figure 1). Absolute measures are useful to compare propensity between countries, and across time (Moore, 2012); however, it can be difficult to differentiate symptoms of energy poverty from other deprivation types.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%201_0.png?itok=hv6ILLmV" width="1200" height="991" alt="Figure 1_energy poverty symptoms" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 1: Energy poverty symptoms: Share of (sub)population unable to keep home warm and in arrears on utility bills for European countries. Data source: Based on EU-SILC (2015) indicators accessed via EPOV (2020).</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>Drivers</strong> of energy poverty are financial (high energy prices, low incomes); social and demographic (physiological need, household composition, tenure); and infrastructural (efficiency, access to fuels). These drivers intersect with a range of structural forms of inequality including race, ableness, age, and gender (Reames, 2016; Snell et al. 2015; Petrova and Simcock, 2019; Chard and Walker, 2016). Analyses of drivers tend to prioritise <strong>relative measures</strong> that reflect whether a person feels disadvantaged in proportion to others.</p> <p>To understand how the multiple dimensions of energy poverty coincide geographically, composite indicators are often used that compile a series of individual indicators into a single index. Composite indicators reveal where variables spatially coincide in a neighbourhood, resulting in a greater propensity to energy poverty. For a review of composite energy poverty indicators in the European context see Thomson et al. (2017). Although the specific multi-dimensional indicators selected vary according to geographic context, composite indicators are often structured around common frameworks. For example, the concept of vulnerability has been used to identify and combine multiple drivers that make a household more likely to experience the condition of energy poverty (Walker et al. 2012; Castaño-Rosa et al. 2020).</p> <p> </p> <h2>Sub-regional indicators in policy</h2> <p>The most established composite indicators of energy poverty that inform national scale policy have originated in England (UK): the <strong>ten percent indicator</strong> and the <strong>Low-Income High Cost</strong><strong> (LIHC) indicator</strong>. These indicators have also been applied in other national contexts e.g. Poland (Sokolowski et al. 2020) and Southern Europe (Antepara et al. 2020). The ten percent indicator is an absolute measure that recognises households as energy poor if they spent over 10% of their income on energy. This was replaced in 2012 by a LIHC indicator (Hills, 2011), that recognises households as energy poor if their required fuel costs are above average and were they to spend that amount they would be left with an income below the poverty line.</p> <p>Using a LIHC indicator, 10.3% of households were considered energy poor in England during 2018 (BEIS, 2020). However, this national figure conceals substantial variations over space that sub-regional indicators can make visible. Figure 2 shows how the percentage of energy poor households across nine administrative regions changed from 2011 to 2018. Whilst over time, energy poverty has declined, it has risen in selected regions (London and the North West). Using a small area indicator, Figure 3 shows substantial variation in energy poverty, concentrating in both deprived urban areas and relatively remote rural areas.</p> <p>Whilst national indicators play a role in profiling energy poverty in policy, they are necessarily simplistic, focusing on a small number of drivers (Walker and Day, 2012). When disaggregated to small areas, national indicators often fail to translate into appropriate criteria for identifying energy poor households (Boardman, 2012). With that in mind, which alternative sub-regional measures can be used in their place?</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Wider sub-regional energy poverty indicators </strong></h2> <p>Selected studies focus on explaining the spatial variations in a specific driver of energy poverty in a particular geographic context. In Northern Ireland (UK), Walker et al. (2015) analyses spatial differences in access to residential heating fuels that mean some households must rely on expensive oil for heating. Beyond the European context, in Kansas City (US), Reames (2016) examines the intensity with which households must use residential heating - a proxy for efficiency. The case study illustrates how racial and ethnic minority households and disadvantaged socioeconomic groups have a higher heating energy intensity.</p> <p>Area-based composite indicators that consider a variety of energy poverty drivers have also emerged in different contexts (Gouveia et al. 2019; Horta, et al. 2019; Scarpellini et al. 2019; Robinson et al. 2019). After selecting appropriate indicators of financial, social and infrastructural drivers, a range of <strong>aggregation methods</strong> are used to derive a final composite indicator. In Portugal, Gouveia et al. (2019) combine socio-economic indicators, building characteristics and energy performance into an index to identify hot spots of energy poverty. Other examples use a weighting system, based on the importance of indicators in a specific policy context. In Northern Ireland, Walker et al. (2012) combine heating burden, built environment and social vulnerability, weighted 40%, 20% and 40% respectively.</p> <p>These examples illustrate the potential for sub-regional indicators to provide detailed, locally-specific information about energy poverty propensity in different national contexts. However, there are opportunities to further develop indicators in the future, including by diversifying indicator selection; by accounting for change in indicators over time; and by analysing multiple forms of disadvantage at the same time e.g. transport, climate change adaptation) (Robinson, 2021).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%202_0.png?itok=SYvPevAg" width="1200" height="780" alt="Figure 2: energy poor households in regions in England" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2. Energy poor households in regions in England using an LIHC indicator Data source: BEIS (2013 – 2020)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure_3.png?itok=UOBkNhrs" width="1200" height="1516" alt="Figure 3: energy poor households in lower super-output areas" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 3: Energy poor households in Lower Super Output Areas in England in 2018 Data source: BEIS (2020) and ONS (2011) boundary data.</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Antepara, I., Papada, L., Gouveia, J. 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(2015). Spatial analysis of residential fuel prices: Local variations in the price of heating oil in Northern Ireland. <em>Applied Geography</em>, <em>63</em>, 369-379. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.016</a></p> <p>Walker, G., &amp; Day, R. (2012). Fuel poverty as injustice: Integrating distribution, recognition and procedure in the struggle for affordable warmth. <em>Energy policy</em>, <em>49</em>, 69-75. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.044">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.044</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Robinson, Caitlin (2021) Sub-regional energy poverty indicators. <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:31:55 +0000 ute.dubois 224 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/sub-regional-energy-poverty-indicators#comments Transport energy poverty in the UK http://www.eppedia.eu/article/transport-energy-poverty-uk <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Transport energy poverty in the UK</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/mattioli-giulio" hreflang="en">Mattioli Giulio</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Tue, 01/19/2021 - 14:08</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/121" hreflang="en">TU Dortmund University (Germany)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/122" hreflang="en">School of Earth &amp; Environment, University of Leeds (United Kingdom)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-19T12:00:00Z">2021.01.19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-19T12:00:00Z">2021.01.19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Transport energy poverty</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Mapping</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-01/Mattioli_2021_Transport%20energy%20poverty%20in%20the%20UK_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=484724" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Mattioli_2021_Transport energy poverty in the UK_EP-pedia.pdf</a></span><span class="file-size">473.36 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on transport energy poverty in the UK policy debate </strong></h2> <p>The notion of transport energy poverty is not common in the UK. While Britain pioneered the notion of ‘fuel poverty’ and related policy-making in the 1980s-1990s, official definitions of fuel poverty have remained narrowly focused on domestic energy needs, and policy and public discourse typically focus on space heating only.</p> <p>In this context, various actors (researchers, NGOs, and occasionally policy-makers) have put forward the notion of ‘transport poverty’, building on an implicit analogy between (recognised) fuel poverty and (neglected) transport affordability issues. However, the substantial equivalence between the two issues is typically taken for granted, meaning that the justification for this analogy and implications for how transport affordability should be defined, measured and tackled are rarely discussed.</p> <p>In 2013, the Environmental Audit Committee of the House of Commons' inquiry into “Transport and the accessibility to public services” asked stakeholders whether “a measure of the transport accessibility of key public services, in a similar manner as ‘fuel poverty’, (would) be useful for policy-making (and if so, how should it be defined?)”, finding “some support” for the idea (EAC, 2013, p. 9–10). Since 2012, the <a href="https://www.sustrans.org.uk/">sustainable transport charity</a> has published reports mapping the ‘risk of transport poverty’ in <a href="https://www.sustrans.org.uk/our-blog/research/all-themes/all/transport-poverty-in-england/">England</a>, <a href="https://www.sustrans.org.uk/our-blog/research/all-themes/all/transport-poverty-in-scotland#:~:text=Titled%20'Transport%20Poverty%20In%20Scotland,start%20of%20Challenge%20Poverty%20Week.&amp;text=It%20found%20that%20the%20risk,essential%20services%20by%20public%20transport.">Scotland</a> and <a href="https://www.ageuk.org.uk/Global/Age-Cymru/Policy_and_Campaigns/Transport%20Poverty%20Briefing%20English%20WEB%20READY.pdf?dtrk=true">Wales</a>, based on a composite indicator considering car expenditure relative to income (adopting Brenda Boardman’s 10% threshold), and accessibility with transport modes alternative to the car. Results for England (Sustrans, 2012) suggest that “nearly 1.5 million people are at high risk of suffering from ‘transport poverty’. Half of all local authorities in England have at least one high risk area”. Sustrans recommends that the government tackle the problem by improving modal alternatives to the car and moving away from car-dependent transport planning.</p> <p>While an explicit notion of transport energy poverty does not exist in the UK, issues concerning transport energy affordability are present in the policy debate. In 1993, the government introduced a ‘fuel duty escalator’, i.e. an environmentally motivated annual duty increased above the rate of inflation, which resulted in a significant increase in the real price of transport fuel in the 1990s. The measure was discontinued in 2000 following protests by truck owner-operators, which threatened to bring the country to a halt (Lyons &amp; Chatterjee, 2002). In 2012, in a period of economic crisis and high oil prices, the UK government decided to ‘freeze’ the fuel duty, a decision that was confirmed in all subsequent annual budgets up to 2020, resulting in a reduction of the fuel duty in real terms over the period. The freeze in fuel duty has been criticized for resulting in traffic growth, worsening congestion and pollution, lost tax revenue, and reduced public transport use (Begg &amp; Haig, 2018).</p> <p>Thus, in the last 25 years UK governments have performed a policy U-turn, going from actively promoting higher fuel prices, to pursuing a reduction. Concerns around the impact of high fuel prices on the motoring poor contributed to this policy change. For example, in early 2012the Royal Automobile Club Foundation (RACF) published <a href="https://www.racfoundation.org/media-centre/transport-poverty">figures</a> on transport expenditures  suggesting that 80% of the British population (i.e. all income quintiles except the bottom one) were in ‘transport poverty’. This assessment was based on the direct transposition of Boardman’s ‘ten per cent’ indicator to transport expenditure, which for various reasons leads to misleading results (see Mattioli et al., 2017). Despite this, the figures were used by RACF to argue against fuel duty increases and were widely picked up by the media, possibly influencing the government’s decision to introduce a fuel duty freeze in 2012.</p> <p>While quite separate from fuel price debates, the UK has a long tradition of policy interest for transport-related social exclusion, and has arguably pioneered policy-making in this area, starting with the 2003 report of the Social Exclusion Unit (2003) commissioned by the then Labour government. The concern here is much broader than just the affordability of transport energy, including notably the problems of carless households, and of all those social groups that for various reasons (e.g. disability, old age, etc.) experience difficulties in accessing essential services and opportunities. In this context, ‘<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility#Accessibility_planning_for_transportation_in_the_United_Kingdom">accessibility planning</a>’ was introduced in 2006 to ensure that there is a clear policy responsibility for improving accessibility within local areas, although the merits of this policy approach are debated (Curl et al., 2011).</p> <p>In the UK, as for example in France and the US, financial aids to car ownership and use (e.g. low-interest loans to subsidize vehicle acquisition, subsidised driving lessons, repair and maintenance grants, and social benefits to cover the cost of car trips) have been implemented locally as part of welfare-to-work programmes. However, they have not been upscaled to the national level, for reasons related to cost to the public purse, the conflict with environmental policy goals and the risk of encouraging car ownership among households who are not able to afford the associated running costs (Fol et al., 2007).</p> <p>Among the measures addressing the cost of transport in the UK are also ‘concessionary fares’ on public transport, which are offered to groups such as disabled and older people, and funded through general taxation. The <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/free-bus-passes-for-older-and-disabled-people-protected-for-the-future"><em>English National Concessionary Bus Travel Scheme</em></a> offers free bus travel to seniors, and was introduced specifically to address affordability problems among them. It has been criticised for being very expensive and poorly targeted to actual affordability problems, as older people are entitled to it regardless of income, while other disadvantaged categories (e.g. the unemployed) receive no help at all.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on transport energy poverty in the UK</strong></h2> <p>The UK has a strong tradition of ‘transport and social exclusion’ research (Lucas et al., 2012), emerging particularly in the early 2000s. This has made Britain an international reference for research in this area, similarly to what happened for domestic fuel and energy poverty. British transport and social exclusion research, however, has generally stopped short of framing these issues as a form of energy poverty, and has tended to run separately to fuel poverty research.</p> <p>Despite an early contribution of Brenda Boardman on this topic in the 1990s (Boardman, 1998), it was not until much later that transport energy affordability was empirically investigated in any detail. Building on earlier ‘oil vulnerability’ research from Australia, Lovelace and Philips (2014) mapped vulnerability to transport fuel price increases in the Yorkshire region, partly based on a fuel-poverty-inspired indicator, showing that vulnerability is higher in car dependent rural areas around cities with less coping capacity.</p> <p>The research project <a href="https://teresproject.wordpress.com/">(t)ERES</a> (2014-2016) focused on the transport equivalent of energy poverty, proposing three indicators to assess its incidence in the UK. Mattioli et al. (2018) have adapted Hills’ ‘Low-Income High-Cost’ indicator of fuel poverty for use in the transport sector, estimating that roughly 9% of UK households have high motoring costs (as a share of income) despite being on low incomes (based on 2012 household expenditure data) (Fig.1). These households also appear to have little adaptive capacity to fuel price increases, as their demand for motor fuel is relatively inelastic.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%201.png?itok=aw6Sbfzh" width="1200" height="873" alt="Diagrammatical representation of the ‘Low Income High Cost’ indicator of vulnerability to motor fuel price increases in the UK" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Fig. 1 - Diagrammatical representation of the ‘Low Income High Cost’ indicator of vulnerability to motor fuel price increases in the UK (2012). Source: Mattioli et al. (2018)</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>In a related study using EU-SILC data, Mattioli (2017) finds that in 2012 about 7% of UK households owned a car despite being in material deprivation, which may expose them to transport energy poverty. Interestingly, roughly 80% of these households were also in domestic energy poverty, suggesting that there may be an overlap between the two problems, i.e. what is sometimes referred to as ‘double energy vulnerability’. Mattioli et al. (2019) have mapped vulnerability to fuel price increases in England, based on spatial data on motor vehicle use, income and accessibility to services and opportunities by different travel modes (with reference to the year 2011). They define vulnerability as the combination of high expenditure on motor fuel, low income and poor access to essential services by modal alternatives to the car. The results show relatively high levels of vulnerability in rural and periurban areas, but also a big divide between London (low vulnerability as a result of high income and low car dependence) and other city-regions in the North of England (with higher vulnerability as a result of lower income and worse public transport provision) (Fig.2).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%202.png?itok=Fq3_SGJn" width="1200" height="1697" alt=" Map of variations in the composite indicator of vulnerability to fuel price increases in England" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 2 – Map of variations in the composite indicator of vulnerability to fuel price increases in England (2011) by lower Super Output Areas (key based on quintiles). Source: Mattioli et al. (2019). </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Finally, Robinson and Mattioli (2020) mapped ‘double energy vulnerability’ in England, i.e. the overlap of domestic energy poverty and ‘transport energy poverty’ (operationalised as vulnerability to fuel price increases), based on 2011/2012 data. The results show that as many as 6% of neighbourhoods (accounting for 3 million residents) have a high propensity towards double energy vulnerability, typically concentrating in isolated, rural neighbourhoods (Fig.3). The overlaps and interactions between domestic and transport energy poverty are the object of the ongoing research project <a href="https://www.creds.ac.uk/fair/">FAIR</a> (‘Fuel and transport poverty in the UK’s energy transition’ 2020-2023) (Martiskainen et al., 2020).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-full-width-image--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-full-width-image paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-image--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/inline_image_full_width/public/2021-01/Figure%203.png?itok=j8U4B--y" width="1200" height="851" alt="Maps of intersections between domestic and transport energy poverty in England by lower Super Output Areas" loading="lazy" class="img-responsive" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/image/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-full-width-image.html.twig * field--field-pg-caption.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pg-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Figure 3 – Maps of intersections between domestic and transport energy poverty in England by lower Super Output Areas (2011/2012). Source: Robinson &amp; Mattioli (2020). </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Begg, D., &amp; Haigh, C. (2018). <em>The unintended consequences of freezing fuel duty</em>. Greener Journeys.</p> <p>Boardman, B. (1998). <em>Rural transport policy and equity</em>. Discussion paper prepared for CPRE, the Countryside Com<a>m</a>ission and the Rural Development Commission.</p> <p>Curl, A., Nelson, J. D., &amp; Anable, J. (2011). Does accessibility planning address what matters? A review of current practice and practitioner perspectives. <em>Research in Transportation Business &amp; Management</em>, 2, 3-11. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2011.07.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2011.07.001</a></p> <p>EAC (2013). Transport and Accessibility to Public Services. Third report of session 2013-2014, vol. I, The Stationery Office, London.</p> <p>Fol, S., Dupuy, G., &amp; Coutard, O. (2007). Transport policy and the car divide in the UK, the US and France: beyond the environmental debate. <em>International Journal of Urban and Regional Research</em>, 31(4), 802-818. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00755.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00755.x</a></p> <p>Lovelace, R., &amp; Philips, I. (2014). The ‘oil vulnerability’ of commuter patterns: A case study from Yorkshire and the Humber, UK. <em>Geoforum</em>, 51, 169-182. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.11.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.11.005</a></p> <p>Lucas, K. (2012). Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now?. <em>Transport Policy</em>, 20, 105-113. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.013</a></p> <p>Lyons, G., &amp; Chatterjee, K. (2002). <em>Transport lessons from the fuel tax protests of 2000</em>. Routledge.</p> <p>Martiskainen, M., Sovacool, B. K., Lacey-Barnacle, M., Hopkins, D., Jenkins, K. E., Simcock, N., ... &amp; Bouzarovski, S. (2020). New Dimensions of Vulnerability to Energy and Transport Poverty. <em>Joule</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.016</a></p> <p>Mattioli, G., Lucas, K., &amp; Marsden, G. (2017). Transport poverty and fuel poverty in the UK: from analogy to comparison. <em>Transport Policy</em>, 59, 93-105. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.07.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.07.007</a></p> <p>Mattioli, G., Wadud, Z., &amp; Lucas, K. (2018). Vulnerability to fuel price increases in the UK: A household level analysis. Transportation Research Part A, 113, 227-242. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.002</a></p> <p>Mattioli, G., Philips, I., Anable, J., &amp; Chatterton, T. (2019). Vulnerability to motor fuel price increases: Socio-spatial patterns in England. <em>Journal of Transport Geography</em>, 78, 98-114. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.009</a></p> <p>Robinson, C., &amp; Mattioli, G. (2020). Double energy vulnerability: Spatial intersections of domestic and transport energy poverty in England, <em>Energy Research &amp; Social Science</em>, 101699. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101699">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101699</a></p> <p>SEU (2003). <em>Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion</em>. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London.</p> <p>Sustrans, (2012). Locked Out. Transport Poverty in England [Online] Available from: <a href="http://www.sustrans.org.uk/lockedout">http://www.sustrans.org.uk/lockedout</a>  </p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Mattioli, G. (2021) Transport poverty in the UK, <em>EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action</em>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 19 Jan 2021 14:08:10 +0000 ute.dubois 215 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/transport-energy-poverty-uk#comments Energy poverty in Belgium http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-belgium <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Energy poverty in Belgium</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/bartiaux-francoise" hreflang="en">Bartiaux Françoise</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>ute.dubois</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Mon, 10/26/2020 - 14:21</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/102" hreflang="en">Université catholique de Louvain (Belgium)</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/103" hreflang="en">Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS) (Belgium)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-11-14T12:00:00Z">2020.11.14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/51" hreflang="en">Buildings</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-01/Bartiaux_2020_Energy%20poverty%20in%20Belgium_EP-pedia_1.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=105163" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Bartiaux_2020_Energy poverty in Belgium_EP-pedia_1.pdf</a></span><span class="file-size">102.7 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>In Belgium, the topic of energy poverty is rather well known in the public thanks to communications from non-governmental associations dedicated to poverty alleviation in general or to energy poverty in particular.</p> <p>Energy poverty is rather high in the country, for several reasons. The building stock is old: in Flanders, 68.9% of the buildings were built before 1981, in Wallonia, 79.4% and in the Brussels Region, 93.5%. Stated otherwise, in 2011, 23% of Belgium's population lived in a dwelling built before 1919 (STATBEL 2018). This old building stock is poorly insulated. It has been estimated that 99% of the houses and 95% of the apartments do not comply with the 2050 energy norms (Recticel Insulation 2020). The Brussels Region has a much higher proportion of apartments (78%) than the other two regions (23% and 20% in Flanders and in Wallonia, respectively). In Flanders and Wallonia, most dwellings are owner-occupied (70% and 64.5% respectively for dwellings built before 2006), but the reverse is true in the Brussels Region (38% owner-occupied, STATBEL 2018), which may further hinder energy retrofits there.</p> <p>Belgium has no official definition of energy poverty. Therefore, there is a wide range of estimates of the proportions of households in energy poverty, varying according to the definition and proxy used. Based on EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC) data, between 2004 and 2016, 4% to 6% of households reported arrears on their utility bills in the prior twelve months. So-called “objective” measures indicate that in 2013, 14% of households in Belgium were deemed to be in energy poverty because they spent too high a proportion of their income on energy bills (overconsumption supposedly due to energy inefficient housing), and a further 4.6% because of their underconsumption of energy, with a 0.1% of households belonging to both of these two categories (Meyer et al., 2018: 280). Even small, this latter proportion questions these estimations.</p> <p>Based on the Belgian 2009 data from the Generation and Gender Programme (GGP) and with another definition of energy poverty, Bartiaux et al. (2018: 1226) estimate that 10.3% of Belgium's households were in energy poverty in 2009. They form a heterogeneous category: 58% live in urban areas, 42% own their dwelling, 30% are below the poverty threshold; half have at least 12 years of schooling with the corresponding diplomas; 43% live alone while 14% are lone-parent families. Sixty percent of the respondents of these energy-poor households are women.</p> <p>Policies against energy poverty are varied but the complex institutional structure of Belgium makes it difficult to define and implement a policy targeting households in energy poverty: social action (including the management of households’ debts) is a federal matter, usually implemented at the municipal level with some room for manoeuvre, whereas policies targeting housing and energy savings are regional matters. For example, subsidies for energy retrofitting a private dwelling vary from one region to another, while the conditions required to qualify for a social tariff for electricity and for gas are decided at the federal level, but regions may add (and pay for) other categories of beneficiaries. Unlike the Flemish and Walloon Regions, the Brussels Region has decided to have no prepayment meters. Energy-poor persons having a prepayment meter, either for electricity, or for gas, or both, curtail their energy consumption for heating, cooking, or showering, and live in anxiety of being disconnected; some feel stigma when reloading the prepayment meter in public space (Baudaux et al., 2019: 57-68).</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Baudaux, A., Coene, J., Delbeke, B., Bartiaux, F., Sibeni, A., Fournier, F., Heymans, É., Oosterlynck, S., &amp; Lahaye, W. (2019). Living in energy poverty: a qualitative approach. In Bartiaux, F. (ed.) (2019). <em>Generation and Gender Energy Deprivation: Realities and Social Policies.</em> Brussels: Belgian Science Policy. <a href="http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brainbe/projects/FinalReports/2GENDERS_FinReport.pdf">http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brainbe/projects/FinalReports/2GENDERS_FinReport.pdf</a></p> <p>Bartiaux, F., Vandeschrick, C., Moezzi, M., &amp; Frogneux, N. (2018). Energy justice, unequal access to affordable warmth, and capability deprivation: A quantitative analysis for Belgium. <em>Applied energy, 225,</em> 1219-1233. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.113">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.113</a>.</p> <p>Meyer, S., Laurence, H., Bart, D., Middlemiss, L., &amp; Maréchal, K. (2018). Capturing the multifaceted nature of energy poverty: Lessons from Belgium. <em>Energy research &amp; social science, 40</em>, 273-283.doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.017</a></p> <p>Recticel Insulation. (2020). <em>Baromètre de l’isolation.</em> <a href="https://www.recticelinsulation.com/be-fr/communique-de-presse-barometre-de-lisolation-2020">https://www.recticelinsulation.com/be-fr/communique-de-presse-barometre-de-lisolation-2020</a>.</p> <p>STATBEL. (2015). <em>Fichiers téléchargeables concernant des données sur les logements et le marché du travail par secteur statistique. </em><a href="https://www.census2011.be/download/statsect_fr.html">https://www.census2011.be/download/statsect_fr.html</a>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Bartiaux, F. (2020). Energy poverty in Belgium.<em> EP-pedia, ENGAGER COST Action</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Mon, 26 Oct 2020 14:21:25 +0000 ute.dubois 198 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/energy-poverty-belgium#comments National Strategy against Energy Poverty 2019-2024 in Spain http://www.eppedia.eu/article/national-strategy-against-energy-poverty-2019-2024-spain <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>National Strategy against Energy Poverty 2019-2024 in Spain</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Author</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/authors/barrella-roberto" hreflang="en">Barrella Roberto</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>raul.castano.rosa</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span>Sun, 09/20/2020 - 07:21</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-affiliation--article.html.twig * field--node--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-affiliation.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-affiliation field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Affiliation</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/108" hreflang="en">Chair of Energy and Poverty - ICAI School of Engineering, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid (Spain)</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-first-published-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-first-published-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-first-published-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">First published date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-29T12:00:00Z">2021.01.29</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-last-updated-date--article.html.twig * field--node--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-last-updated-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-last-updated-date field--type-datetime field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Last updated date</div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-29T12:00:00Z">2021.01.29</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--article.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Theme</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3" hreflang="en">Policy</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Definition</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Vulnerable consumers</a></div> <div class="field--item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/50" hreflang="en">Measurement</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-download--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-download.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-download.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-download field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Article download</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf icon-before"><span class="file-icon"><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-file text-primary" aria-hidden="true"></span></span><span class="file-link"><a href="http://www.eppedia.eu/sites/default/files/2021-01/Barrella_2021_National%20Strategy%20against%20fuel%20poverty%20in%20Spain_EP-pedia.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=116128" title="Open file in new window" target="_blank">Barrella_2021_National strategy against fuel poverty in Spain</a></span><span class="file-size">113.41 KB</span></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-page-elements--article.html.twig * field--node--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-page-elements.html.twig * field--entity-reference-revisions.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-page-elements field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-text-block--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig * paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-text-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-text-block.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><strong>Perspective on National Strategy against Energy Poverty 2019-2024 in the policy debate</strong></h2> <p>In October 2018, the Spanish Government issued a Royal Decree [1] relating to urgent measures for energy transition and consumer protection. Among other actions, this decree established the need to develop a National Strategy against Energy Poverty (NSEP). In April 2019, after an open public consultation conducted over a three-month period, the Spanish Government approved the NSEP 2019-2024 [2], [3]. This document has been drafted by the <a>Ministry for the Ecological Transition </a>and incorporate many of the contributions sent to the public consultation. The main proposals of this strategy can be summarized in six points:</p> <ol> <li>It gives an official definition of energy poverty and vulnerable consumers.</li> <li>It estimates the number of energy poor in Spain based on the indicators proposed by the EU Energy Poverty Observatory (EPOV), thus setting reduction targets for 2025.</li> <li>It proposes to carry out a deep analysis of energy expenditures of Spanish households (both actual and required energy expenditure<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a> [4], [5]).</li> <li>It analyses the shortcomings of the current social tariffs and proposes a unique aid for all energy uses<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> to be designed and implemented in the future.</li> <li>It proposes short-, medium- and long-term structural measures, such as energy retrofits of vulnerable households’ dwellings.</li> <li>It proposes measures to raise people awareness on energy poverty and improve households' information in respect of energy use and support programs available to consumers, e.g. the implementation of an official web page on energy poverty.</li> </ol> <p>The implementation and monitoring of the NSEP is planned as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Implementation period:<strong> </strong>from 2019 to 2024.</li> <li>Participation of regional and local administrations, as well as stakeholders (NGOs, energy companies, Academia, etc.) and social groups affected.</li> <li>Annual monitoring of the different actions defined in the NSEP.</li> <li>Final evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the NSEP at the end of its validity period.</li> </ul> <p>In November 2020, the <a>Ministry for the Ecological Transition</a> updated the energy poverty indicators estimated in the strategy [6] by using the data of the 2019’s Household Budget Survey [7].</p> <p>Currently (January 2021), the Ministry is working on the design of the first action plan to implement the NSEP.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Research perspective on National Strategy against Energy Poverty 2019-2024</strong></h2> <p>Several academic studies have been sent to the public consultation conducted before the publication of the NSEP. Indeed, many of them are mentioned in the National Strategy, e.g. [8], but most of these works are not public.</p> <p>Further developments and information on the abovementioned proposals have been published or are expected to be published shortly. Among them, several studies on low-cost energy retrofit of buildings [9], [10] have been proposed as an example of structural measures to tackle energy poverty. Moreover, a proposal for an energy-needs-based Thermal Energy Cheque [11] was sent recently to the Ministry’s team in charge of  designing the NSEP implementation.</p> <p>The European Social Policy Network recently published an analysis of the NSEP [12], pointing out some weaknesses of the operational development of the strategy, e.g. difficulties in coordinating the regional and local administrations, and lack of basic budgetary commitments.</p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> the theoretical annual expenditure required to attain a necessitated level of domestic energy services.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Currently there are two types of mitigating measures: (1) the social electricity tariff, which is a discount on the electricity bill financed by energy utilities; (2) the Thermal Social Allowance, which is a transfer in cash for residential thermal uses such as heating, domestic hot water and cooking, financed by the Spanish Government.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph--pb_text_block.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field--item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'paragraph' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * paragraph--pb-references--default.html.twig * paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * paragraph--default.html.twig x paragraph.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--pb-references paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--paragraph--field-text--pb-references.html.twig * field--paragraph--field-text.html.twig * field--paragraph--pb-references.html.twig * field--field-text.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">References</div> <div class="field--item"><p>[1]     Jefatura del Estado, Real Decreto Ley 15/2018 de 5 de octubre de medidas urgentes para la transición energética y la protección de los consumidores, 2018.</p> <p>[2]     Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica, Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética 2019-2024, 2019. <a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/estrategianacionalcontralapobrezaenergetica2019-2024_tcm30-496282.pdf">https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/estrategianacionalcontralapobrezaenergetica2019-2024_tcm30-496282.pdf</a>.</p> <p>[3]     Spain lays the foundations of its fight against energy poverty | EU Energy Poverty Observatory, (n.d.). <a href="https://www.energypoverty.eu/news/spain-lays-foundations-its-fight-against-energy-poverty">https://www.energypoverty.eu/news/spain-lays-foundations-its-fight-agai…</a> (accessed July 14, 2020).</p> <p>[4]     E. Arenas Pinilla, R. Barrella, J.I. Linares Hurtado, J.C. Romero Mora, Caracterización del comportamiento energético en una muestra de hogares españoles., Zaragoza, 2019. <a href="https://ecodes.org/documentos/analisis_politicas_palanca_uso_eficiente_energia_hogares.pdf">https://ecodes.org/documentos/analisis_politicas_palanca_uso_eficiente_energia_hogares.pdf</a> (accessed February 17, 2020).</p> <p>[5]     E. Arenas Pinilla, R. Barrella, Á. Cosín López-Medel, J.I. Linares Hurtado, J.C. Romero Mora, Desarrollo de un modelo de cálculo de gasto eléctrico teórico en los hogares españoles, 2020. <a href="https://ecodes.org/images/que-hacemos/03.Energia_y_personas/pdf/Desarrollo_modelo_calculo_gasto_electrico_teorico_en_hogares.pdf">https://ecodes.org/images/que-hacemos/03.Energia_y_personas/pdf/Desarrollo_modelo_calculo_gasto_electrico_teorico_en_hogares.pdf</a>.</p> <p>[6]     Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, Actualización de indicadores de la Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética. Noviembre de 2020, 2020. <a href="https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/20201106_actualizaciondeindicadores2020_final__tcm30-516466.pdf">https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/20201106_actualizaciondeindicadores2020_final__tcm30-516466.pdf</a> (accessed November 12, 2020).</p> <p>[7]     INE [Spanish National Institute of Statistics], Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares 2019, (2020). <a href="https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&amp;cid=1254736176806&amp;menu=ultiDatos&amp;idp=1254735976608">https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&amp;cid=1254736176806&amp;menu=ultiDatos&amp;idp=1254735976608</a> (accessed January 29, 2021).</p> <p>[8]     E. Arenas Pinilla, P.J. Cabrera-Cabrera, E. Centeno, J.I. Linares Hurtado, P. Linares Llamas, P. Mastropietro, J.C. Romero Mora, R. Barrella, E. Escribano-Alonso, Contribución a la consulta pública para la Estrategia Nacional de Lucha contra la pobreza energética, (2019) 1–40.</p> <p>[9]     M. de Luxán García De Diego, C. Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, E. Román López, M. del Mar Barbero Barrera, G. Gómez Muñoz, Re-habilitación exprés para hogares vulnerables. Soluciones de bajo coste, 2017. <a href="https://www.fundacionnaturgy.org/publicacion/re-habilitacion-expres-hogares-vulnerables-soluciones-coste/">https://www.fundacionnaturgy.org/publicacion/re-habilitacion-expres-hogares-vulnerables-soluciones-coste/</a>.</p> <p>[10]   C. Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, A. Mavrogianni, F.J. Neila González, On the minimal thermal habitability conditions in low income dwellings in Spain for a new definition of fuel poverty, Build. Environ. 114 (2017) 344–356. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.029">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.029</a>.</p> <p>[11]   R. Barrella, J.I. Linares, J.C. Romero, E. Arenas, E. Centeno, A Thermal Energy Cheque proposal for Spanish energy poor households, 2020.</p> <p>[12]   G. Rodríguez-Cabrero, V. Marbán, Spain: National Strategy against Energy Poverty. ESPN Flash Report 2020/04, 2020. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=22466&amp;langId=sl">https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=22466&amp;langId=sl</a>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/paragraph.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-comments--article.html.twig * field--node--field-comments.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-comments.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <div class="comments_wrapper"> <section class="container"> </section> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/epptheme/templates/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-article-citation-info--article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--node--article.html.twig * field--field-article-citation-info.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-article-citation-info field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field--label">Citation instruction</div> <div class="field--item"><p>Barrella, R. (2020). <a>National Strategy against Energy Poverty 2019-2024 </a>in Spain. <em>EP Pedia, ENGAGER COST Action.</em></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Sep 2020 07:21:18 +0000 raul.castano.rosa 192 at http://www.eppedia.eu http://www.eppedia.eu/article/national-strategy-against-energy-poverty-2019-2024-spain#comments